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<p>Copper is a key impurity in crude tin, conventionally removed by sulfur addition, though with limited efficiency. This study investigated the interactions between Sn-S, Cu-S, and SnS-Cu within 495–673&#xa0;K using Gibbs free energy, sulfur potential diagrams, and phase change analysis. The results indicate that, below 523&#xa0;K, Cu and S preferentially form Cu<sub>2</sub>S, while Sn and S produce SnS, making this an efficient temperature range for copper removal. In crude tin experiments at 523&#xa0;K, with a sulfur addition mass ratio of Cu:S = 1:0.7, copper content dropped to 0.0024 wt.%, meeting refined tin standards. At 553&#xa0;K, SnS reacted with Cu to regenerate Sn and form Cu<sub>2</sub>S, enabling effective sulfur slag removal. By applying 30% less sulfur than conventional methods, the process achieved refined tin with copper levels below 0.0024 wt.%, complying with GB/T 728-2020. This work optimizes copper removal in tin refining, supports greener tin smelting, and enhances efficient copper recovery from crude tin.</p>

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Clean and Efficient Removal of Copper and Sulfur from Crude Tin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Wei Chen,
  • Shutong Wang,
  • Kunhong Zhu,
  • Hanqing Yang,
  • Li Wang,
  • Bin Yang,
  • Lingxin Kong

摘要

Copper is a key impurity in crude tin, conventionally removed by sulfur addition, though with limited efficiency. This study investigated the interactions between Sn-S, Cu-S, and SnS-Cu within 495–673 K using Gibbs free energy, sulfur potential diagrams, and phase change analysis. The results indicate that, below 523 K, Cu and S preferentially form Cu2S, while Sn and S produce SnS, making this an efficient temperature range for copper removal. In crude tin experiments at 523 K, with a sulfur addition mass ratio of Cu:S = 1:0.7, copper content dropped to 0.0024 wt.%, meeting refined tin standards. At 553 K, SnS reacted with Cu to regenerate Sn and form Cu2S, enabling effective sulfur slag removal. By applying 30% less sulfur than conventional methods, the process achieved refined tin with copper levels below 0.0024 wt.%, complying with GB/T 728-2020. This work optimizes copper removal in tin refining, supports greener tin smelting, and enhances efficient copper recovery from crude tin.