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<p>This study investigates the physico-mechanical and flame-retardant properties of functionally graded composites (FGCs) created using material extrusion (MEX)-based 3D printing. Composites were developed by blending polylactic acid (PLA) with carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (PLA-CF) in varying ratios from neat PLA to neat PLA-CF. Key properties analyzed included density, water absorption, shrinkage, tensile strength, and flammability. Density decreased from 1.14105 g/cm<sup>3</sup> to 1.05124 g/cm<sup>3</sup> with increased CF content, while water absorption rose due to greater porosity. The 90PLA/10PLA-CF blend emerged as optimal, reducing density by 7.8%, minimizing shrinkage by 80.9%, and retaining 99.7% of PLA’s density. Tensile testing revealed the 70PLA/30PLA-CF blend had the highest strength gains, with L<sub>max</sub>, UTS, and E increasing by up to 79.77%. Even the 90PLA/10PLA-CF blend showed strength improvements over neat PLA-CF. Flame tests indicated better resistance with higher CF content; neat PLA burned rapidly, whereas PLA-CF blends showed reduced dripping and slower degradation. Mass loss during burning decreased from 17.5% in neat PLA to 6.45% in 30PLA/70PLA-CF. These results highlight the potential of PLA/PLA-CF FGCs for applications demanding improved mechanical performance, dimensional stability, and flame retardancy.</p>

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Investigation of Physico-Mechanical and Flame Retardancy Properties of 3D-printed Functionally Graded Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • K. Rajesh Kannan,
  • Vishal Mishra,
  • Nikhil Bharat,
  • Tanmoy Majumder

摘要

This study investigates the physico-mechanical and flame-retardant properties of functionally graded composites (FGCs) created using material extrusion (MEX)-based 3D printing. Composites were developed by blending polylactic acid (PLA) with carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (PLA-CF) in varying ratios from neat PLA to neat PLA-CF. Key properties analyzed included density, water absorption, shrinkage, tensile strength, and flammability. Density decreased from 1.14105 g/cm3 to 1.05124 g/cm3 with increased CF content, while water absorption rose due to greater porosity. The 90PLA/10PLA-CF blend emerged as optimal, reducing density by 7.8%, minimizing shrinkage by 80.9%, and retaining 99.7% of PLA’s density. Tensile testing revealed the 70PLA/30PLA-CF blend had the highest strength gains, with Lmax, UTS, and E increasing by up to 79.77%. Even the 90PLA/10PLA-CF blend showed strength improvements over neat PLA-CF. Flame tests indicated better resistance with higher CF content; neat PLA burned rapidly, whereas PLA-CF blends showed reduced dripping and slower degradation. Mass loss during burning decreased from 17.5% in neat PLA to 6.45% in 30PLA/70PLA-CF. These results highlight the potential of PLA/PLA-CF FGCs for applications demanding improved mechanical performance, dimensional stability, and flame retardancy.