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<p>This study investigates whether a photovoltaic (PV) system with minimal storage capacity can provide reliable and cost-effective power for metallurgical laboratories in regions with harsh climatic conditions. A 1.92-kW off-grid PV system comprising 24 monocrystalline modules, an MPPT charge controller, and a deliberately small 48-V/9 Ah lead-acid battery bank was designed, installed, and monitored for 12 months in Baghdad, Iraq. Continuous measurements of irradiance, module temperature, and AC output were collected at 10-min intervals using calibrated instruments, with uncertainty analysis and outlier filtering applied. Results show an annual energy yield of 2798.8 kWh and a specific yield of 1458 kWh kWp<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to a performance ratio of 0.70. Soiling losses reached 6–17% per month, highlighting the importance of cleaning frequency, while inverter efficiency remained above 90% even at part-load conditions (50 W), ensuring compatibility with precision laboratory instruments. Compared with storage-heavy off-grid systems, the proposed design achieved a ~ 40% cost reduction, at the expense of accelerated battery degradation under deep discharge cycles. The findings confirm that a direct-use, low-storage PV architecture can sustain critical metallurgical loads such as lighting, ventilation, and sensors during grid outages, offering a pragmatic and generalizable approach for laboratories and small-scale industrial facilities in developing regions.</p>

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Design and Performance Evaluation of an Off-Grid Photovoltaic System for Metallurgical Laboratories

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Isam Azeez Hasoon,
  • Khalil Ibrahim Inad,
  • Emad Jaleel Mahdi,
  • Saad Mahdi Salih,
  • Hussein Fawzi Hussein

摘要

This study investigates whether a photovoltaic (PV) system with minimal storage capacity can provide reliable and cost-effective power for metallurgical laboratories in regions with harsh climatic conditions. A 1.92-kW off-grid PV system comprising 24 monocrystalline modules, an MPPT charge controller, and a deliberately small 48-V/9 Ah lead-acid battery bank was designed, installed, and monitored for 12 months in Baghdad, Iraq. Continuous measurements of irradiance, module temperature, and AC output were collected at 10-min intervals using calibrated instruments, with uncertainty analysis and outlier filtering applied. Results show an annual energy yield of 2798.8 kWh and a specific yield of 1458 kWh kWp−1, corresponding to a performance ratio of 0.70. Soiling losses reached 6–17% per month, highlighting the importance of cleaning frequency, while inverter efficiency remained above 90% even at part-load conditions (50 W), ensuring compatibility with precision laboratory instruments. Compared with storage-heavy off-grid systems, the proposed design achieved a ~ 40% cost reduction, at the expense of accelerated battery degradation under deep discharge cycles. The findings confirm that a direct-use, low-storage PV architecture can sustain critical metallurgical loads such as lighting, ventilation, and sensors during grid outages, offering a pragmatic and generalizable approach for laboratories and small-scale industrial facilities in developing regions.