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<p>Mycelium-based composites hold great promise as sustainable, biodegradable materials for applications spanning packaging, construction, and beyond. To fully realize their potential, optimizing the mechanical properties is essential, and seeking structural designs from the remarkable examples in natural fungi can offer valuable inspiration for such optimization strategies. Here, we systematically examine the fruiting bodies of the trimitic bracket fungus <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-computed tomography (µCT), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we describe a hierarchical structure composed of a dense protective crust, a porous yet aligned context, and vertically oriented, segmented hymenial tubes. We further demonstrate that mechanical properties differ by developmental stage and region: stipe-proximal samples exhibit a higher modulus, while hymenial tubes outperform the loosely entangled context. µCT reveals that tubular geometry predominantly absorbs energy via buckling, with crack deflection providing additional dissipation; meanwhile, segmentation enables staged collapse and helps mitigate lateral splitting. Additionally, we 3D-printed biomimetic prototypes, showcasing enhanced buckling resistance and design opportunities for resilient, lightweight, and compostable materials. This approach underscores the bioinspired potential of <i>G. lucidum</i>’s segmented-tube engineering for structural and environmental demands.</p>

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Hierarchical Architecture and Mechanical Robustness of Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies: Insights for Bioinspired Material Design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Zeyu Yang,
  • Hailong Hu,
  • Yixin Xu,
  • Yawen Hou,
  • Shanyuan Niu,
  • Mingwei Zhu,
  • Haocheng Quan

摘要

Mycelium-based composites hold great promise as sustainable, biodegradable materials for applications spanning packaging, construction, and beyond. To fully realize their potential, optimizing the mechanical properties is essential, and seeking structural designs from the remarkable examples in natural fungi can offer valuable inspiration for such optimization strategies. Here, we systematically examine the fruiting bodies of the trimitic bracket fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-computed tomography (µCT), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we describe a hierarchical structure composed of a dense protective crust, a porous yet aligned context, and vertically oriented, segmented hymenial tubes. We further demonstrate that mechanical properties differ by developmental stage and region: stipe-proximal samples exhibit a higher modulus, while hymenial tubes outperform the loosely entangled context. µCT reveals that tubular geometry predominantly absorbs energy via buckling, with crack deflection providing additional dissipation; meanwhile, segmentation enables staged collapse and helps mitigate lateral splitting. Additionally, we 3D-printed biomimetic prototypes, showcasing enhanced buckling resistance and design opportunities for resilient, lightweight, and compostable materials. This approach underscores the bioinspired potential of G. lucidum’s segmented-tube engineering for structural and environmental demands.