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<p>This review examines advanced metal manufacturing techniques, focusing on the thermodynamic principles that govern alloying, refining, and microstructural control. Conventional methods, including electric arc furnaces (EAF), ladle furnaces (LF), vacuum arc remelting (VAR), and electroslag remelting (ESR), are evaluated alongside emerging techniques such as laser engineering net shape (LENS), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam additive manufacturing (EBM), wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and binder jetting. The analysis reveals that challenges in traditional processes—such as impurity control and volatile element management—are mirrored in the new additive technologies. To fully realize the advantages of additive manufacturing, high-temperature thermodynamic measurements must be conducted and new methodologies for quantifying thermodynamic properties will need to be developed.</p>

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A Thermodynamic Perspective on the Features and Challenges of the Advanced Manufacturing of Metals

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Jonathan S. Paras

摘要

This review examines advanced metal manufacturing techniques, focusing on the thermodynamic principles that govern alloying, refining, and microstructural control. Conventional methods, including electric arc furnaces (EAF), ladle furnaces (LF), vacuum arc remelting (VAR), and electroslag remelting (ESR), are evaluated alongside emerging techniques such as laser engineering net shape (LENS), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam additive manufacturing (EBM), wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and binder jetting. The analysis reveals that challenges in traditional processes—such as impurity control and volatile element management—are mirrored in the new additive technologies. To fully realize the advantages of additive manufacturing, high-temperature thermodynamic measurements must be conducted and new methodologies for quantifying thermodynamic properties will need to be developed.