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<p>In this study, we aimed to study acid leaching and solvent extraction for recycling of NMC-type batteries (622—pouch; 631—prismatic). Physical structures have no impact on our physical process (milling and sieving). In acid leaching, the addition of reducing agents was unnecessary because of the presence of Al foil. Up to 30% of acid excess is required for complete cathode material leaching, a crucial process conclusion that varies with different black mass compositions. This calculation was made based on the amount of metals in the black mass per acid. Al and Cu were removed by precipitation. In solvent extraction experiments, Cyanex 272 has higher selectivity than D2EHPA and separates 100% of Mn/Co with the co-extraction of Li/Ni (20%). Products of the process were Mn oxide, Ni hydroxide, and Li carbonate. We clearly observed that precipitation of Mn before solvent extraction steps is necessary for Co recovery from the recycling of NMC batteries because of the co-extraction and subsequent losses of Co, as clearly illustrated in the process flowchart. Our conclusions are in accordance with previous studies reported in the literature. Separation of metals in the leach solution has higher efficiencies without the presence of Mn ions (in NCA-type processing or after Mn removal by ozone). In the presence of Mn in the leach solution, low recovery efficiencies were obtained for Li (48.0%), Ni (62.8%), and Co (58.6%). Our conclusions and aim are to demonstrate that traditional approaches from extractive metallurgy are not suitable for the ongoing challenge in recycling and waste valorization.</p>

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Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries: Recovery of Critical Metals by Hydrometallurgy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月25日

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  • Maria Eduarda de Melo Golçalves Dias,
  • Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório,
  • Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa,
  • Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior

摘要

In this study, we aimed to study acid leaching and solvent extraction for recycling of NMC-type batteries (622—pouch; 631—prismatic). Physical structures have no impact on our physical process (milling and sieving). In acid leaching, the addition of reducing agents was unnecessary because of the presence of Al foil. Up to 30% of acid excess is required for complete cathode material leaching, a crucial process conclusion that varies with different black mass compositions. This calculation was made based on the amount of metals in the black mass per acid. Al and Cu were removed by precipitation. In solvent extraction experiments, Cyanex 272 has higher selectivity than D2EHPA and separates 100% of Mn/Co with the co-extraction of Li/Ni (20%). Products of the process were Mn oxide, Ni hydroxide, and Li carbonate. We clearly observed that precipitation of Mn before solvent extraction steps is necessary for Co recovery from the recycling of NMC batteries because of the co-extraction and subsequent losses of Co, as clearly illustrated in the process flowchart. Our conclusions are in accordance with previous studies reported in the literature. Separation of metals in the leach solution has higher efficiencies without the presence of Mn ions (in NCA-type processing or after Mn removal by ozone). In the presence of Mn in the leach solution, low recovery efficiencies were obtained for Li (48.0%), Ni (62.8%), and Co (58.6%). Our conclusions and aim are to demonstrate that traditional approaches from extractive metallurgy are not suitable for the ongoing challenge in recycling and waste valorization.