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<p>Scandium (Sc) is a rare earth metal that has been considered a critical mineral in many countries due to its important role in promoting decarbonization and enhancing energy efficiency, especially in the field of fuel cells and alloys. However, Sc flows and stocks along its entire life cycle, and its supply and demand remain unclear in China, the largest Sc producer in the world. This study investigates the anthropogenic Sc cycle in China from 2011 to 2022. The results indicate that 132,880&#xa0;kg Sc entered the Chinese economy. Many Sc intermediate products have been exported, with an accumulative embodied amount of 69,665&#xa0;kg. Such exports increased from 5130&#xa0;kg in 2011 to 6835&#xa0;kg in 2022. In addition, the supply of Sc surpassed the domestic demand, so the stock of intermediate products increased &gt; 3 fold, from 1190&#xa0;kg in 2011 to 5395&#xa0;kg in 2022. Based on these results, we makee three policy suggestions to enhance the overall Sc resource efficiency, including optimizing Sc trade structure, designing comprehensive Sc recycling systems and following accurate and targeted measures over the entire Sc industrial chain.</p>

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Investigating Scandium Flows and Stocks in China: A Dynamic Material Flow Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月18日

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  • Ge Yang,
  • Yong Geng,
  • Haishan Yu,
  • Yuquan Zhang,
  • Shijiang Xiao

摘要

Scandium (Sc) is a rare earth metal that has been considered a critical mineral in many countries due to its important role in promoting decarbonization and enhancing energy efficiency, especially in the field of fuel cells and alloys. However, Sc flows and stocks along its entire life cycle, and its supply and demand remain unclear in China, the largest Sc producer in the world. This study investigates the anthropogenic Sc cycle in China from 2011 to 2022. The results indicate that 132,880 kg Sc entered the Chinese economy. Many Sc intermediate products have been exported, with an accumulative embodied amount of 69,665 kg. Such exports increased from 5130 kg in 2011 to 6835 kg in 2022. In addition, the supply of Sc surpassed the domestic demand, so the stock of intermediate products increased > 3 fold, from 1190 kg in 2011 to 5395 kg in 2022. Based on these results, we makee three policy suggestions to enhance the overall Sc resource efficiency, including optimizing Sc trade structure, designing comprehensive Sc recycling systems and following accurate and targeted measures over the entire Sc industrial chain.