Strong Strain Hardening Induced by {11–22} Twins of Hexagonal Titanium upon Low-Temperature Deformation Along the Transverse Direction

The aim of the present study is to investigate the low-temperature deformation behavior of hexagonal titanium along the transverse direction. Tensile results indicate the rapid decrease in the work-hardening rate when deforming at 298 K, as opposed to a three-stage strong strain-hardening capacity observed at 77 K. Comparative analysis further reveals that {11–22} twinning serves as the primary cause of strain hardening at cryogenic temperatures. The formation criterion and evolution process of {11–22} twinning are elucidated from the perspective of critical shear stress and the Schmid factor. Our findings may advance the understanding of the twin-mediated hardening behavior of hexagonal titanium at different deformation temperatures and therefore offer insights into engineering strategies aimed at enhancing the low-temperature property.