A Pathway to Optimal Multivariate Synthesis of Fe₂O₃-CuO Bimetal Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles: Transformation Through Mathematical Modelling

Controlled and multivariate synthesis of Fe₂O₃-CuO bimetallic oxide nanoparticles is achieved by coprecipitation method with different concentrations of iron and copper oxide, followed by their optimization at specific pH, temperature, and time of addition of reagent. Concentration studies revealed changes in spectral band position to a hyperchromic shift with relevant increase in the concentration of CuO (100%). Hybrids with higher CuO concentration lead to hybrids with smaller size and higher stability. Temperature-dependent synthesis of bimetallic hybrid oxide nanoparticles showed an increase in size at higher temperatures, while at lower temperatures, stable oxide particles are observed. For pH-dependent synthesis, controlled size is observed at higher pH. Increasing the time of addition of reactant for optimized synthesis of bimetallic oxide nanoparticles showed a gradual decrease in size, hence better control. The results of size and zeta potential are transformed by the application of probability distribution function and grow-decay model.