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<p>Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a sustainable, high-performance alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete. It reduces carbon emissions, lowers energy consumption, and limits reliance on virgin raw materials. This review examines recent advances in GPC, focusing on material selection, mechanical and durability performance, fire and high-temperature behavior, fiber and nanomaterial reinforcement, machine learning-based mix optimization, and environmental and economic impacts. GPC properties are strongly influenced by precursor type, activator composition, curing methods, and the addition of fibers or nanomaterials. Systems based on fly ash and slag can substantially reduce CO₂ emissions, decrease energy use, and lower costs, depending on the materials and mix design. Adoption challenges include variability in raw materials, safety and cost concerns of alkaline activators, lack of standardized codes, and limited long-term performance data. This review synthesizes these developments to elucidate critical interdependencies and trade-offs. Optimal GPC design represents a multi-variable challenge. Improvements in one area, such as strength via nanomaterials, may be offset by drawbacks in another, such as high environmental cost from energy-intensive curing. Achieving both high performance and sustainability requires simultaneous optimization across mechanical, durability, fire, and environmental metrics. This holistic framework provides a roadmap for transitioning GPC from laboratory studies to practical, high-performance, and sustainable engineering applications.</p>

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Geopolymer Concrete: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research Trends, Challenges, and Environmental-Economic Implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Adham Mohammed Alnadish

摘要

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a sustainable, high-performance alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete. It reduces carbon emissions, lowers energy consumption, and limits reliance on virgin raw materials. This review examines recent advances in GPC, focusing on material selection, mechanical and durability performance, fire and high-temperature behavior, fiber and nanomaterial reinforcement, machine learning-based mix optimization, and environmental and economic impacts. GPC properties are strongly influenced by precursor type, activator composition, curing methods, and the addition of fibers or nanomaterials. Systems based on fly ash and slag can substantially reduce CO₂ emissions, decrease energy use, and lower costs, depending on the materials and mix design. Adoption challenges include variability in raw materials, safety and cost concerns of alkaline activators, lack of standardized codes, and limited long-term performance data. This review synthesizes these developments to elucidate critical interdependencies and trade-offs. Optimal GPC design represents a multi-variable challenge. Improvements in one area, such as strength via nanomaterials, may be offset by drawbacks in another, such as high environmental cost from energy-intensive curing. Achieving both high performance and sustainability requires simultaneous optimization across mechanical, durability, fire, and environmental metrics. This holistic framework provides a roadmap for transitioning GPC from laboratory studies to practical, high-performance, and sustainable engineering applications.