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<p>Malaria remains a major public health challenge, particularly in Africa, driven by persistence of drug-resistant <i>Plasmodium</i>, insecticide-resistant <i>Anopheles</i>, and limited vaccine coverage. Although conventional vector control strategies have substantially reduced malaria burden, their effectiveness is increasingly threatened by resistance development, altered vector behaviour, community compliance constraints, and environmental concerns. These challenges highlight the urgent need for innovative, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches to interrupt malaria transmission. Plant-based nanoparticles (PBNPs), emerging from the convergence of phytochemistry and nanotechnology, represent a promising alternative for malaria control and elimination. Traditional antimalarial plants are increasingly explored for parasite and vector control, as well as for nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that improve the bioavailability and efficacy of natural antimalarial compounds. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the green synthesis, biological activities, mechanisms of action, transmission-blocking potential, and translational challenges of PBNPs for malaria vector and parasite control. The available evidence indicates that plant-derived bioactive compounds act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents to generate nanoscale materials with enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and biological activity. PBNPs include metallic nanoparticles and organic nanostructures such as plant-derived exosome-like vesicles for targeted antimalarial delivery. Mechanistically, PBNPs exhibit multi-stage activity across the malaria transmission cycle, including larvicidal, pupicidal, ovicidal, adulticidal, and transmission-blocking effects. Despite promising laboratory evidence, challenges remain, including chemotype variability, nanoparticle heterogeneity, limited standardization, and insufficient ecotoxicological and field validation. Overall, PBNPs constitute a promising multifunctional platform for integrated and environmentally sustainable malaria control.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Plant-based nanoparticles for blocking malaria transmission: state-of-the-art and a roadmap to field translation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Adandé A. Medjigbodo,
  • Erick N. Ondari,
  • Oswald Y. Djihinto,
  • Salome Osunga,
  • Carolyne Chepkirui,
  • Luc S. Djogbenou,
  • Douglas O. Ochora

摘要

Malaria remains a major public health challenge, particularly in Africa, driven by persistence of drug-resistant Plasmodium, insecticide-resistant Anopheles, and limited vaccine coverage. Although conventional vector control strategies have substantially reduced malaria burden, their effectiveness is increasingly threatened by resistance development, altered vector behaviour, community compliance constraints, and environmental concerns. These challenges highlight the urgent need for innovative, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches to interrupt malaria transmission. Plant-based nanoparticles (PBNPs), emerging from the convergence of phytochemistry and nanotechnology, represent a promising alternative for malaria control and elimination. Traditional antimalarial plants are increasingly explored for parasite and vector control, as well as for nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that improve the bioavailability and efficacy of natural antimalarial compounds. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the green synthesis, biological activities, mechanisms of action, transmission-blocking potential, and translational challenges of PBNPs for malaria vector and parasite control. The available evidence indicates that plant-derived bioactive compounds act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents to generate nanoscale materials with enhanced solubility, bioavailability, and biological activity. PBNPs include metallic nanoparticles and organic nanostructures such as plant-derived exosome-like vesicles for targeted antimalarial delivery. Mechanistically, PBNPs exhibit multi-stage activity across the malaria transmission cycle, including larvicidal, pupicidal, ovicidal, adulticidal, and transmission-blocking effects. Despite promising laboratory evidence, challenges remain, including chemotype variability, nanoparticle heterogeneity, limited standardization, and insufficient ecotoxicological and field validation. Overall, PBNPs constitute a promising multifunctional platform for integrated and environmentally sustainable malaria control.

Graphical abstract