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<p>Actin, a core component of the cytoskeleton, is one of the most ancient and highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. Although numerous actin-binding proteins have been extensively characterized, the genes encoding actin isoforms themselves remain comparatively understudied, and the functional diversity of plant actins is not fully understood. In this study, we identified 17 actin domain–containing genes in <i>Oryza sativa</i> and classified them phylogenetically. Among these, ten <i>OsACT</i>s exhibited strong structural similarity to <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> actins and were selected for further analysis. We examined their transcriptional responses to cold, salt, and drought stresses. Despite the routine use of actin as an internal reference gene in plant expression studies, our results demonstrate that <i>OsACT</i> transcript levels are stress-responsive, showing marked induction or repression depending on the stress condition. All ten <i>OsACT</i>s were strongly induced in both leaves and roots under cold stress, indicating that they are unsuitable as reference genes for cold-related expression analyses. Under salt and drought conditions, expression changes were more moderate; however, <i>OsACT5</i> and <i>OsACT6</i> were consistently upregulated under drought stress in both tissues, whereas <i>OsACT9</i> and <i>OsACT10</i> showed pronounced downregulation. Network analysis further identified OsBIRH1 and OsMPK5 as the most likely cold-responsive proteins that directly interact with OsACTs, suggesting a functional link between actin dynamics and cold-stress signaling pathways. Together, these findings reveal potential functional divergence among OsACT isoforms in abiotic stress responses and highlight the need for further studies to elucidate their specific roles in rice stress adaptation.</p>

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A global functional analysis of the actin gene family under environmental stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa) and the regulatory network in cold stress response

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Eui-Jung Kim,
  • Thuy Pham,
  • Sunok Moon,
  • Ju-Hyun Son,
  • Minji Park,
  • Seonghun Bae,
  • Chan-Ui Hwangbo,
  • Ki-Hong Jung

摘要

Actin, a core component of the cytoskeleton, is one of the most ancient and highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. Although numerous actin-binding proteins have been extensively characterized, the genes encoding actin isoforms themselves remain comparatively understudied, and the functional diversity of plant actins is not fully understood. In this study, we identified 17 actin domain–containing genes in Oryza sativa and classified them phylogenetically. Among these, ten OsACTs exhibited strong structural similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana actins and were selected for further analysis. We examined their transcriptional responses to cold, salt, and drought stresses. Despite the routine use of actin as an internal reference gene in plant expression studies, our results demonstrate that OsACT transcript levels are stress-responsive, showing marked induction or repression depending on the stress condition. All ten OsACTs were strongly induced in both leaves and roots under cold stress, indicating that they are unsuitable as reference genes for cold-related expression analyses. Under salt and drought conditions, expression changes were more moderate; however, OsACT5 and OsACT6 were consistently upregulated under drought stress in both tissues, whereas OsACT9 and OsACT10 showed pronounced downregulation. Network analysis further identified OsBIRH1 and OsMPK5 as the most likely cold-responsive proteins that directly interact with OsACTs, suggesting a functional link between actin dynamics and cold-stress signaling pathways. Together, these findings reveal potential functional divergence among OsACT isoforms in abiotic stress responses and highlight the need for further studies to elucidate their specific roles in rice stress adaptation.