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<p>Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) serves as a pivotal enzyme within the phenylpropanoid pathway, significantly contributing to plant stress response mechanisms. However, the specific function of <i>PAL</i> genes in citrus, particularly in response to cold stress, remains inadequately understood. In this study, six <i>PAL</i> genes were observed from <i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> through bioinformatics analyses. These genes are distributed across three chromosomes and <i>PtrPAL2</i> ~ <i>6</i> are predicted to localize in the cytoplasm, while <i>PtrPAL1</i> may be located simultaneously in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. The <i>PtrPAL</i> genes exhibit one to six motifs and contain one to two exons. Phylogenetic analysis categorized the <i>PAL genes</i> into five distinct groups. Collinearity and Ka/Ks analyses revealed four collinear pairs between <i>P. trifoliata</i> and both <i>Arabidopsis</i> and rice, as well as three duplicate gene pairs within the <i>PtrPAL</i>s. An examination of cis-acting elements identified fourteen unique elements within the <i>PtrPAL</i> promoters. Expression analysis demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns, with the highest expression levels observed in roots. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed a remarkable upregulation of <i>PtrPAL4</i> under low temperature conditions, suggesting its potential involvement in stress response mechanisms. In addition, the assessment of PAL enzyme activity demonstrated that low temperatures can enhance PAL activity in <i>P. trifoliata</i>. Additionally, subcellular localization assays indicated that <i>PtrPAL4</i> is localized in the cytoplasm. Collectively, our findings offer valuable insights for the further functional analysis of the <i>PtrPAL</i> gene family.</p>

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Genome-wide identification of PAL family genes and their response to cold stress in Poncirus trifoliata

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月18日

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  • Kaifeng Hu,
  • Mengge Liang,
  • Lijuan Jiang,
  • Chunhua Zhou,
  • Xiaoyong Xu

摘要

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) serves as a pivotal enzyme within the phenylpropanoid pathway, significantly contributing to plant stress response mechanisms. However, the specific function of PAL genes in citrus, particularly in response to cold stress, remains inadequately understood. In this study, six PAL genes were observed from Poncirus trifoliata through bioinformatics analyses. These genes are distributed across three chromosomes and PtrPAL2 ~ 6 are predicted to localize in the cytoplasm, while PtrPAL1 may be located simultaneously in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. The PtrPAL genes exhibit one to six motifs and contain one to two exons. Phylogenetic analysis categorized the PAL genes into five distinct groups. Collinearity and Ka/Ks analyses revealed four collinear pairs between P. trifoliata and both Arabidopsis and rice, as well as three duplicate gene pairs within the PtrPALs. An examination of cis-acting elements identified fourteen unique elements within the PtrPAL promoters. Expression analysis demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns, with the highest expression levels observed in roots. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed a remarkable upregulation of PtrPAL4 under low temperature conditions, suggesting its potential involvement in stress response mechanisms. In addition, the assessment of PAL enzyme activity demonstrated that low temperatures can enhance PAL activity in P. trifoliata. Additionally, subcellular localization assays indicated that PtrPAL4 is localized in the cytoplasm. Collectively, our findings offer valuable insights for the further functional analysis of the PtrPAL gene family.