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<p>Phosphate is essential for global food production, yet its finite reserves and inefficient recovery from wastewater threaten long-term sustainability. Conventional removal and recovery methods are often limited by high chemical consumption, energy demand, and secondary waste generation. Liquid membrane (LM) technologies have emerged as an alternative by integrating extraction and stripping within a single step, enabling selective and low-concentration separation. This review critically evaluates bulk (BLM), emulsion (ELM), and supported liquid membrane (SLM) systems, emphasizing how configuration governs transport kinetics, interfacial area, and operational stability. Reported data show that ELM achieves rapid and high extraction efficiencies (E: &gt;100%) due to its large interfacial area, whereas BLM (E: 97–99%) is constrained by diffusion-limited transport and slow mass transfer despite its simplicity. SLM offers a compromise, delivering high selectivity (E: &gt;100%) and continuous operation, though limited by membrane stability and carrier loss. Across LM systems, performance is governed less by material choice alone than by the interplay between carrier-solute interactions, phase compatibility, and transport reversibility. While LM technologies reduce multi-step processing, they do not eliminate all transport constraints but redistribute them across coupled interfaces, introducing trade-offs between stability, flux, and selectivity. Future progress, therefore, depends on rational formulation design, improved membrane stability, and integration with downstream recovery processes to enable practical and scalable circular phosphorus management.</p>

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Liquid Membrane Technologies as a Greener Platform for Sustainable Phosphate Removal and Recovery from Water Bodies: A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Fadzlin Qistina Fauzan,
  • Norasikin Othman,
  • Izzat Naim Shamsul Kahar,
  • Aishah Rosli,
  • Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini,
  • Shuhada A. Idrus-Saidi

摘要

Phosphate is essential for global food production, yet its finite reserves and inefficient recovery from wastewater threaten long-term sustainability. Conventional removal and recovery methods are often limited by high chemical consumption, energy demand, and secondary waste generation. Liquid membrane (LM) technologies have emerged as an alternative by integrating extraction and stripping within a single step, enabling selective and low-concentration separation. This review critically evaluates bulk (BLM), emulsion (ELM), and supported liquid membrane (SLM) systems, emphasizing how configuration governs transport kinetics, interfacial area, and operational stability. Reported data show that ELM achieves rapid and high extraction efficiencies (E: >100%) due to its large interfacial area, whereas BLM (E: 97–99%) is constrained by diffusion-limited transport and slow mass transfer despite its simplicity. SLM offers a compromise, delivering high selectivity (E: >100%) and continuous operation, though limited by membrane stability and carrier loss. Across LM systems, performance is governed less by material choice alone than by the interplay between carrier-solute interactions, phase compatibility, and transport reversibility. While LM technologies reduce multi-step processing, they do not eliminate all transport constraints but redistribute them across coupled interfaces, introducing trade-offs between stability, flux, and selectivity. Future progress, therefore, depends on rational formulation design, improved membrane stability, and integration with downstream recovery processes to enable practical and scalable circular phosphorus management.