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<p>Electrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is a promising strategy for water purification as it does not require toxic chemicals, heating, or harsh conditions. It is energy efficient compared to photocatalysis and produces little to no harmful side-products. An essential part of the electrocatalytic system is the anode layer of the electroactive substrate. Numerous metal oxide systems, BDD, and their modifications have been developed recently as electrocatalysts, demonstrating exceptional activity and energy efficiency. However, most of these developments were tested only in batch processes, while flow testing is critical for validating electrocatalytic systems. This study investigates the anodic oxidation of the organic dye pollutant Reactive Black 5 (RB-5, 20&#xa0;mg/L) in a flow electrochemical reactor using a novel Ti/SnO<sub>2</sub>-Sb/α,β-PbO<sub>2</sub>-Ho anode. Complete decolorization of RB-5 was achieved within 90&#xa0;min at 15&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and 190 mL/min with low energy consumption (12.5 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>). The optimized flow regime provided high efficiency and reusability of the Ho-doped PbO<sub>2</sub> anode. Despite long-term stability of the anode, it exhibited significant Pb leaching caused by hydrodynamic shear stress and non-uniform current distribution. Leaching was crystal facet selective, eroding the most thermodynamically stable one. Active volt-induced recrystallization of β-PbO<sub>2</sub> layer was hypothesized to through active dissolution-redisposition of Pb-species.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Structural Transformation of Ho-Doped PbO2 Anode Upon Flow Adaptation for Dye Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Vladislav Fadeev,
  • Elena Korina,
  • OlegBoìshakov,
  • Igor Kodranov,
  • M. Milosš Simić,
  • Dragan Manojlović,
  • Dalibor Stanković

摘要

Electrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is a promising strategy for water purification as it does not require toxic chemicals, heating, or harsh conditions. It is energy efficient compared to photocatalysis and produces little to no harmful side-products. An essential part of the electrocatalytic system is the anode layer of the electroactive substrate. Numerous metal oxide systems, BDD, and their modifications have been developed recently as electrocatalysts, demonstrating exceptional activity and energy efficiency. However, most of these developments were tested only in batch processes, while flow testing is critical for validating electrocatalytic systems. This study investigates the anodic oxidation of the organic dye pollutant Reactive Black 5 (RB-5, 20 mg/L) in a flow electrochemical reactor using a novel Ti/SnO2-Sb/α,β-PbO2-Ho anode. Complete decolorization of RB-5 was achieved within 90 min at 15 mA/cm2 and 190 mL/min with low energy consumption (12.5 kWh/m3). The optimized flow regime provided high efficiency and reusability of the Ho-doped PbO2 anode. Despite long-term stability of the anode, it exhibited significant Pb leaching caused by hydrodynamic shear stress and non-uniform current distribution. Leaching was crystal facet selective, eroding the most thermodynamically stable one. Active volt-induced recrystallization of β-PbO2 layer was hypothesized to through active dissolution-redisposition of Pb-species.

Graphical Abstract