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<p>The photodegradation of Fe-doped anatase-rutile mixed-phase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) under visible light to degrade methylene blue has been studied. TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs were successfully synthesized using the co-precipitation method. These nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV–Vis, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and EDX. The XRD analysis revealed that the diffraction patterns exhibited two-phase structures, namely, anatase and rutile phase structures, where the intensity of the rutile phase structures was greater than that of the anatase phase structures. The UV–Vis result indicated a reduction of the band-gap energy of the Fe-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs. FESEM micrographs revealed that agglomerations formed clusters, and SEM results showed that the nanoparticles aggregate to create surface structures resembling edelweiss flowers. Based on Kramers–Kronig analysis, there is a reduction in optical phonon <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11814_2025_539_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\Delta ({\text{LO}} - {\text{TO}}))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>LO</mtext> <mo>-</mo> <mtext>TO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> cm<sup>−1</sup> difference with a decrease in the rutile fraction as a function of Fe. The reduction in the rutile phase fraction correlated with a decrease in photocatalytic activity, indicating that the rutile phase plays a crucial role in the photodegradation process (1wt% achieved. <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11814_2025_539_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>k</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation><sub>ads</sub> rate: 0.00273&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>). These results suggest that Fe-doped anatase–rutile mixed-phase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles are suitable as photocatalysts.</p>

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TiO2 Nanoparticles with Mixed Anatase–Rutile Phase Structure Doped with Different Concentrations of Iron for Photocatalytic Activity in Degrading Methylene Blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月7日

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  • Paulus Lobo Gareso,
  • Heryanto Heryanto,
  • Sri Suryani,
  • Dahlang Tahir,
  • Paulina Taba,
  • Didik Aryanto,
  • Muh Ade Artasasta

摘要

The photodegradation of Fe-doped anatase-rutile mixed-phase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) under visible light to degrade methylene blue has been studied. TiO2 NPs were successfully synthesized using the co-precipitation method. These nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV–Vis, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and EDX. The XRD analysis revealed that the diffraction patterns exhibited two-phase structures, namely, anatase and rutile phase structures, where the intensity of the rutile phase structures was greater than that of the anatase phase structures. The UV–Vis result indicated a reduction of the band-gap energy of the Fe-TiO2 NPs. FESEM micrographs revealed that agglomerations formed clusters, and SEM results showed that the nanoparticles aggregate to create surface structures resembling edelweiss flowers. Based on Kramers–Kronig analysis, there is a reduction in optical phonon \((\Delta ({\text{LO}} - {\text{TO}}))\) ( Δ ( LO - TO ) ) cm−1 difference with a decrease in the rutile fraction as a function of Fe. The reduction in the rutile phase fraction correlated with a decrease in photocatalytic activity, indicating that the rutile phase plays a crucial role in the photodegradation process (1wt% achieved. \(k\) k ads rate: 0.00273 min−1). These results suggest that Fe-doped anatase–rutile mixed-phase TiO2 nanoparticles are suitable as photocatalysts.