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<p>The toxicity of sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>−2</sup>) and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), key components of fine dust, on living organisms was investigated using recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing <i>Escherichia coli</i> as a bioindicator. The effects of individual and mixed particulate matter (PM) compounds, including CuSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and NH₄Cl, were evaluated by measuring the optical density and GFP fluorescence intensity. <i>Escherichia coli</i> growth was inhibited by the individual compounds at specific thresholds, with CuSO₄ being most toxic at as low as 3.8 mM. Synergistic effects were observed with mixed compounds, markedly reducing growth and fluorescence even at lower concentrations. Notably, a mixture of the three at their sub-lethal individual concentrations completely halted bacterial growth after 2&#xa0;h of incubation. CuSO₄ was a more potent inhibitor than (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄Cl. These findings highlighted the importance of analyzing the individual and synergistic effects of PM components.</p>

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Cytotoxic Effects of Particulate Matter on Cell Growth and Metabolism of Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Escherichia coli

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月9日

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  • Young Hoon Song,
  • Hye Ryoung Heo,
  • Ae Sol Lee,
  • Chang Sup Kim,
  • Jeong Hyun Seo

摘要

The toxicity of sulfate (SO4−2) and ammonium (NH4+), key components of fine dust, on living organisms was investigated using recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Escherichia coli as a bioindicator. The effects of individual and mixed particulate matter (PM) compounds, including CuSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and NH₄Cl, were evaluated by measuring the optical density and GFP fluorescence intensity. Escherichia coli growth was inhibited by the individual compounds at specific thresholds, with CuSO₄ being most toxic at as low as 3.8 mM. Synergistic effects were observed with mixed compounds, markedly reducing growth and fluorescence even at lower concentrations. Notably, a mixture of the three at their sub-lethal individual concentrations completely halted bacterial growth after 2 h of incubation. CuSO₄ was a more potent inhibitor than (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄Cl. These findings highlighted the importance of analyzing the individual and synergistic effects of PM components.