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<p>Conventional homogeneous catalysts exhibit rapid reaction kinetics and affordability but face significant challenges, including the cumbersome separation of catalysts, complexities in product purification, and the generation of wastewater. In this regard, Na–graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) was previously developed as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification. To advance the industrial application of these catalysts, it is essential to incorporate a continuous production system and high-quality feedstock. Fixed bed reactors offer the advantage of simple operation and have been widely utilized in continuous biodiesel production. In this study, Na–GCN was applied to the transesterification of waste oils in a continuous fixed bed reactor. Various reaction conditions, including temperature, retention time, and the oil-to-methanol ratio, were compared and optimized. The transesterification of waste oil simulant, waste cooking oil, and waste food oil was conducted under the optimized conditions. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content was measured using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and HP-INNOWax, following an internal standard method. Notably, FAME yields exceeding 90% were maintained for 100&#xa0;h of continuous operation using Na–GCN and waste cooking oil. The reaction system also demonstrated enhanced stability over 100&#xa0;h, even when processing waste food oil with high levels of impurities.</p>

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Expanding Industrial Application of Na–GCN: A Robust Catalyst for Continuous Biodiesel Production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月13日

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  • Sung Eun Kim,
  • Deog Keun Kim,
  • Kwan-Young Lee,
  • Hak Joo kim

摘要

Conventional homogeneous catalysts exhibit rapid reaction kinetics and affordability but face significant challenges, including the cumbersome separation of catalysts, complexities in product purification, and the generation of wastewater. In this regard, Na–graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) was previously developed as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification. To advance the industrial application of these catalysts, it is essential to incorporate a continuous production system and high-quality feedstock. Fixed bed reactors offer the advantage of simple operation and have been widely utilized in continuous biodiesel production. In this study, Na–GCN was applied to the transesterification of waste oils in a continuous fixed bed reactor. Various reaction conditions, including temperature, retention time, and the oil-to-methanol ratio, were compared and optimized. The transesterification of waste oil simulant, waste cooking oil, and waste food oil was conducted under the optimized conditions. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content was measured using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and HP-INNOWax, following an internal standard method. Notably, FAME yields exceeding 90% were maintained for 100 h of continuous operation using Na–GCN and waste cooking oil. The reaction system also demonstrated enhanced stability over 100 h, even when processing waste food oil with high levels of impurities.