A Concise Review of Advances in X-Ray Spectromicroscopy and Ptychography: Applications in Emerging Energy Materials

Recent advances in synchrotron-based X-ray analysis have become pivotal in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by novel energy materials used in rechargeable battery systems, such as those employed in electric vehicles and large-scale grid storage. Among them, X-ray spectromicroscopy and ptychography, with their high spatial resolution, are essential for exploring the intricate microstructures and complex chemical compositions of battery electrodes, leading to optimized performance and extended lifecycles of lithium-ion batteries. Employing the non-destructive nature, which results from the significant penetration depth of incident X-rays, offers unparalleled insights into the heterogeneity and structural integrity of active materials at various scales. Furthermore, the synergistic application of advanced X-ray imaging and analysis techniques, along with other analytical methods such as electron microscopy and advanced spectroscopy, complements both the spatial resolution and the field-of-view size, thereby avoiding biased and inaccurate conclusions. The insights derived from a suite of advanced analytical techniques are essential for advancing battery technology and fostering the transition towards more sustainable, cost-effective, durable, and safer energy systems. This review begins with a discussion on the fundamentals of synchrotron radiation and X-ray spectromicroscopy as advanced analytical tools and proceeds to explore their successful applications in providing fundamental insights into the scientific challenges within the field of rechargeable batteries. We then review the latest advancements in experimental design for synchrotron experiments, including in situ and operando methods to capture the non-equilibrium dynamic states of energy materials. Finally, we offer a perspective that elaborates on how synchrotron techniques can influence the development of next-generation battery chemistries.