Cutting-Edge Advances in Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices and Applications

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) improving from 3% to over 26% within a decade. This progress positions PSCs as a competitive alternative to traditional silicon-based cells, offering advantages in performance, cost-effectiveness, and flexible applications. The unique ABX₃ crystal structure of perovskites enables tunable optoelectronic properties, making them ideal for a broad spectrum of solar and optoelectronic applications. The high absorption coefficient, long diffusion lengths, and high charge-carrier mobility of PSCs have accelerated their development. However, challenges such as environmental instability and toxic solvent use hinder commercialization. Current research focuses on enhancing stability through passivation, encapsulation, and eco-friendly fabrication methods using solvents like γ-valerolactone. In addition to solar cells, perovskite materials show promise in photodetectors, LEDs, and memristors, making them central to next-generation optoelectronic devices. This review highlights the potential of PSCs while addressing the technological advancements needed for their commercial viability.