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<p>On December 18, 2023, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Jishishan County, Gansu Province, triggering a liquefaction-induced flow slide along the loess–mudstone contact zone and causing significant casualties and property losses. The event featured low-slope, large-scale, runout distance sliding and exhibited a clear cascading disaster chain. Its characteristics closely resemble the catastrophic mudflow at the nearby Lajia Ruins approximately 4,000 years ago. Using high-resolution oblique photogrammetry, cone penetration testing, surface wave analysis, and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio methods, this study examines the stratigraphy, groundwater conditions, and geomechanical properties of the affected zone. Results indicate that saturated loess overlying impermeable mudstone formed a high-moisture mass vulnerable to seismic disturbance. Seismic resonance triggered the liquefaction of weakly structured loess, which slide along the contact interface and evolved into a runout distance mudflow. Underground water and terrain modification created a composite weak zone of saturated loess and softened mudstone, which intensified the disaster chain—from earthquake to liquefaction, flow slide, and mudflow. This study contributes to the understanding of deep-seated liquefaction-flow slide disasters, thereby advancing more effective risk mitigation strategies in the Loess Plateau and comparable loess-covered seismic regions.</p>

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Mechanism and evolution of a deep-seated liquefaction-induced flow slide disaster chain triggered by the M 6.2 Jishishan earthquake, Gansu, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月11日

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  • Zhaoyan Li,
  • Zifa Wang,
  • Jinyuan Yuan

摘要

On December 18, 2023, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Jishishan County, Gansu Province, triggering a liquefaction-induced flow slide along the loess–mudstone contact zone and causing significant casualties and property losses. The event featured low-slope, large-scale, runout distance sliding and exhibited a clear cascading disaster chain. Its characteristics closely resemble the catastrophic mudflow at the nearby Lajia Ruins approximately 4,000 years ago. Using high-resolution oblique photogrammetry, cone penetration testing, surface wave analysis, and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio methods, this study examines the stratigraphy, groundwater conditions, and geomechanical properties of the affected zone. Results indicate that saturated loess overlying impermeable mudstone formed a high-moisture mass vulnerable to seismic disturbance. Seismic resonance triggered the liquefaction of weakly structured loess, which slide along the contact interface and evolved into a runout distance mudflow. Underground water and terrain modification created a composite weak zone of saturated loess and softened mudstone, which intensified the disaster chain—from earthquake to liquefaction, flow slide, and mudflow. This study contributes to the understanding of deep-seated liquefaction-flow slide disasters, thereby advancing more effective risk mitigation strategies in the Loess Plateau and comparable loess-covered seismic regions.