Women on the Road to Liberation (Moksa) in Jainism: Gender Equality or Difference?
摘要
Jainism is often presented as a religion that affirms the spiritual significance of all living beings and grounds its doctrinal positions in reasoned argument. The question of women’s capacity to attain moksa, however, divided the Digambara and Svetambara traditions. This paper examines that controversy by focusing on five arguments: the arguments from nakedness, ahimsa, impurity, women’s nature, and rebirth in the seventh hell. It reconstructs these arguments in syllogistic form and considers the Svetambara counterarguments, especially concerning parigraha, bodily condition, and the requirements of mendicancy. The paper argues that the exclusion of women from liberation, when based on involuntary bodily functions such as menstruation, sits uneasily with broader Jaina commitments to right thought, right speech, right action, and non-attachment. It concludes that the controversy turns not only on gender, but also on competing definitions of possession, purity, and spiritual eligibility.