<p>In this paper, I mainly prove the following results. For every energy value below the minimum of the first, second and third critical value, each bounded component of the regularized energy hypersurface of the Lagrange problem with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="149" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;m_2\le m_1\le 9m_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>9</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="85" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_1\ge \frac{\epsilon }{2}&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mfrac> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_2\ge \frac{3\epsilon }{8}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> arises as the boundary of a strictly monotone toric domain, which is dynamically convex as a corollary. For the Euler problem as a special case of the Lagrange problem, when the energy <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="108" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(c&lt;-m_1-m_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the bounded component around the fixed center <i>e</i> of the regularized energy hypersurface of the Euler problem with two fixed points <i>e</i> and <i>m</i> of masses <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> respectively satisfying <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="113" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_1&gt;0, m_2\le 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="80" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_1\ge |m_2|\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> arises as the boundary of a convex toric domain. Together with Gabriella Pinzari’s result, when the energy is less than the critical value, the toric domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X_{\Omega _{m_2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </msub> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> defined above is concave for <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_2\ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, convex for <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1223_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_2\le 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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The Lagrange problem from the viewpoint of toric geometry

  • Xiuting Tang

摘要

In this paper, I mainly prove the following results. For every energy value below the minimum of the first, second and third critical value, each bounded component of the regularized energy hypersurface of the Lagrange problem with \(0<m_2\le m_1\le 9m_2\) 0 < m 2 m 1 9 m 2 , \(m_1\ge \frac{\epsilon }{2}>0\) m 1 ϵ 2 > 0 and \(m_2\ge \frac{3\epsilon }{8}\) m 2 3 ϵ 8 arises as the boundary of a strictly monotone toric domain, which is dynamically convex as a corollary. For the Euler problem as a special case of the Lagrange problem, when the energy \(c<-m_1-m_2\) c < - m 1 - m 2 , the bounded component around the fixed center e of the regularized energy hypersurface of the Euler problem with two fixed points e and m of masses \(m_1\) m 1 and \(m_2\) m 2 respectively satisfying \(m_1>0, m_2\le 0\) m 1 > 0 , m 2 0 and \(m_1\ge |m_2|\) m 1 | m 2 | arises as the boundary of a convex toric domain. Together with Gabriella Pinzari’s result, when the energy is less than the critical value, the toric domain \(X_{\Omega _{m_2}}\) X Ω m 2 defined above is concave for \(m_2\ge 0\) m 2 0 , convex for \(m_2\le 0\) m 2 0 .