<p>Consider the following nonlinear Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky system in <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>: <Equation ID="Equ15"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_Equ15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="43" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="232" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\varepsilon ^2 \Delta u + ({V + \phi }) u = u |{u}|^{p-1};\\ a^2 \Delta ^2 \phi - \Delta \phi = 4 \pi u^2, \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>u</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>;</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a, \varepsilon &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1&lt; p &lt; 5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="109" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V :\mathbb {R}^3 \rightarrow ]{0, \infty }[\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>:</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and we want to solve for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="97" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u, \phi :\mathbb {R}^3 \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. By means of Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction, we show that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K \ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(z_0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a strict local minimum of <i>V</i>, <i>V</i> is adequately flat in a neighborhood of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(z_0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is sufficiently small, then the system has a multipeak cluster solution with <i>K</i> peaks placed at the vertices of a regular convex <i>K</i>-gon centered at <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11784_2025_1198_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(z_0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Cluster semiclassical states of the nonlinear Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky system

  • Gustavo de Paula Ramos

摘要

Consider the following nonlinear Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky system in \(\mathbb {R}^3\) R 3 : \(\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\varepsilon ^2 \Delta u + ({V + \phi }) u = u |{u}|^{p-1};\\ a^2 \Delta ^2 \phi - \Delta \phi = 4 \pi u^2, \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}\) - ε 2 Δ u + ( V + ϕ ) u = u | u | p - 1 ; a 2 Δ 2 ϕ - Δ ϕ = 4 π u 2 , where \(a, \varepsilon > 0\) a , ε > 0 ; \(1< p < 5\) 1 < p < 5 ; \(V :\mathbb {R}^3 \rightarrow ]{0, \infty }[\) V : R 3 ] 0 , [ and we want to solve for \(u, \phi :\mathbb {R}^3 \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) u , ϕ : R 3 R . By means of Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction, we show that if \(K \ge 2\) K 2 , \(z_0\) z 0 is a strict local minimum of V, V is adequately flat in a neighborhood of \(z_0\) z 0 and \(\varepsilon \) ε is sufficiently small, then the system has a multipeak cluster solution with K peaks placed at the vertices of a regular convex K-gon centered at \(z_0\) z 0 .