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<p>The global energy transition’s reliance on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) faces a critical sustainability trilemma, in which the simultaneous pursuit of rapid decarbonization, resource security, and economic viability generates inherent trade-offs. This perspective highlights that the trilemma is reinforced by three interconnected systemic dilemmas: a policy-action chasm (weak enforcement), a technology-market dislocation (scalability gaps), and a temporal disequilibrium (economic misalignment). Current fragmented approaches are insufficient to address these core challenges. We propose an integrated circularity framework that aligns interventions across policy, technology, and market domains. To bridge the policy-action chasm, we advocate for smart regulations, including multilateral certification reciprocity. To mitigate the technology-market dislocation, we recommend adaptable, modular recycling systems augmented with AI. To resolve the temporal disequilibrium, we suggest market restructuring through blockchain-tracked material certificates linked to tradable environmental, social, and governance tokens. This framework provides a coordinated pathway to decouple LIB growth from dependence on virgin resources, directly tackling the root causes of the sustainability trilemma.</p>

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Toward sustainable lithium-ion battery industry: an integrated approach to the trilemma

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Jiefeng Xiao,
  • Junming Hong,
  • Zhenming Xu

摘要

The global energy transition’s reliance on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) faces a critical sustainability trilemma, in which the simultaneous pursuit of rapid decarbonization, resource security, and economic viability generates inherent trade-offs. This perspective highlights that the trilemma is reinforced by three interconnected systemic dilemmas: a policy-action chasm (weak enforcement), a technology-market dislocation (scalability gaps), and a temporal disequilibrium (economic misalignment). Current fragmented approaches are insufficient to address these core challenges. We propose an integrated circularity framework that aligns interventions across policy, technology, and market domains. To bridge the policy-action chasm, we advocate for smart regulations, including multilateral certification reciprocity. To mitigate the technology-market dislocation, we recommend adaptable, modular recycling systems augmented with AI. To resolve the temporal disequilibrium, we suggest market restructuring through blockchain-tracked material certificates linked to tradable environmental, social, and governance tokens. This framework provides a coordinated pathway to decouple LIB growth from dependence on virgin resources, directly tackling the root causes of the sustainability trilemma.