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<p>Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent pollutants that threaten ecosystems and human health. This review examines the adsorption performance and mechanisms of biochar in PFAS-contaminated soils, emphasizing the effects of different modification strategies. Unmodified biochar typically exhibits equilibrium adsorption capacities of 10–200 mg/g for perfluorooctanoic acid (pH 6–8, adsorbent dosage 1 g/L), substantially lower than commercial activated carbon (&lt; 800 mg/g). Acid–base treatments and metal or mineral loading generally enhance adsorption by 2–8 fold. Mechanistically, long-chain PFAS (C<sub>8</sub>–C<sub>12</sub>) are predominantly captured via hydrophobic partitioning and hydrogen bonding, whereas short-chain PFAS (C<sub>4</sub>–C<sub>6</sub>) rely on electrostatic attraction and surface complexation. Biochar modifications adjust surface area, functional groups, and charge distribution, enabling selective adsorption. Mineral- or metal-loaded biochars promote electrostatic interactions and regeneration, while oxidant or acid treatments reinforce hydrophobic and hydrogenbonding effects. Collectively, this review elucidates the multi-mechanistic and synergistic pathways governing PFAS adsorption by modified biochars and provides a framework for evaluating trade-offs among modification strategies and designing high-efficiency materials for environmental remediation.</p>

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A critical review of biochar adsorption mechanisms and performance in soil remediation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月12日

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  • Xue Pan,
  • Bo Yang,
  • Fanhua Meng,
  • Yufang Wei,
  • Wenbing Tan,
  • Kunlong Hui,
  • Chengtun Qu,
  • Chen Shen,
  • Beidou Xi

摘要

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent pollutants that threaten ecosystems and human health. This review examines the adsorption performance and mechanisms of biochar in PFAS-contaminated soils, emphasizing the effects of different modification strategies. Unmodified biochar typically exhibits equilibrium adsorption capacities of 10–200 mg/g for perfluorooctanoic acid (pH 6–8, adsorbent dosage 1 g/L), substantially lower than commercial activated carbon (< 800 mg/g). Acid–base treatments and metal or mineral loading generally enhance adsorption by 2–8 fold. Mechanistically, long-chain PFAS (C8–C12) are predominantly captured via hydrophobic partitioning and hydrogen bonding, whereas short-chain PFAS (C4–C6) rely on electrostatic attraction and surface complexation. Biochar modifications adjust surface area, functional groups, and charge distribution, enabling selective adsorption. Mineral- or metal-loaded biochars promote electrostatic interactions and regeneration, while oxidant or acid treatments reinforce hydrophobic and hydrogenbonding effects. Collectively, this review elucidates the multi-mechanistic and synergistic pathways governing PFAS adsorption by modified biochars and provides a framework for evaluating trade-offs among modification strategies and designing high-efficiency materials for environmental remediation.