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<p>Viruses in aquatic environments pose a significant public health risk. Therefore, efficient virus sampling and accurate detection are crucial for the timely assessment of contamination and the interruption of transmission chains. Passive sampling overcomes traditional active sampling drawbacks through its low cost, high efficiency, sensitivity, and long-term monitoring abilities. Passive sampling has been successfully applied in various aquatic environments, including wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and seawater. In this work, first, we describe application scenarios for passive samplers and analyse the adsorption effects of different adsorbent materials, such as cotton-based substrates and negatively charged filter membranes. Second, we present two major detection methods, namely, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing, and we review the applications of the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid and the gene editing-clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas technique. Last, we consider the potential future integration of microfluidic and paper-based devices with these molecular tools to provide references for onsite rapid detection on the basis of passive sampling, thereby increasing the efficiency and practicality of this approach in environmental and public health monitoring.</p>

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Passive samplers for detecting viruses in aquatic environments: progress and future perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月1日

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  • Chen Gao,
  • Wanting Xu,
  • Zeqiong Xu,
  • Zhen Chen,
  • Meng Hu,
  • Kuankuan Zhang,
  • Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza,
  • Kang Mao,
  • Hua Zhang

摘要

Viruses in aquatic environments pose a significant public health risk. Therefore, efficient virus sampling and accurate detection are crucial for the timely assessment of contamination and the interruption of transmission chains. Passive sampling overcomes traditional active sampling drawbacks through its low cost, high efficiency, sensitivity, and long-term monitoring abilities. Passive sampling has been successfully applied in various aquatic environments, including wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and seawater. In this work, first, we describe application scenarios for passive samplers and analyse the adsorption effects of different adsorbent materials, such as cotton-based substrates and negatively charged filter membranes. Second, we present two major detection methods, namely, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing, and we review the applications of the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid and the gene editing-clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas technique. Last, we consider the potential future integration of microfluidic and paper-based devices with these molecular tools to provide references for onsite rapid detection on the basis of passive sampling, thereby increasing the efficiency and practicality of this approach in environmental and public health monitoring.