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<p>External field-assisted technologies—such as electric fields (EFs), magnetic fields (MFs), and microwave (MW) irradiation—offer promising strategies to overcome the inherent kinetic and thermodynamic limitations of conventional wastewater treatment processes. By modulating charge transport, radical generation, and microbial metabolism, these external fields can substantially enhance the efficiency of both advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biological treatment technologies (BTTs). This study systematically explores the underlying mechanisms, operational parameters, and application scenarios of EFs, MFs, and MWs across various treatment systems. Emphasis is placed on the integration of physicochemical and biological perspectives, highlighting how external fields restructure interfacial processes and initiate synergistic pollutant degradation pathways. Representative case studies and optimization strategies are presented to guide field-specific technology selection and energy-efficient system design. Furthermore, critical challenges—including electrode passivation, magnetic catalyst aggregation, and limited MW penetration—are examined, and future directions are proposed to support practical scalability. The insights provided establish a solid foundation for the development of next-generation, high-efficiency, and sustainable wastewater treatment systems enabled by external field enhancement.</p>

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Field-based strategies for enhanced chemical/biological wastewater treatment: key mechanisms, critical influencing factors, and bottlenecks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月30日

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  • Jingyang Luo,
  • Lexiang Huang,
  • Xiaoshi Cheng,
  • Xinyi Liu,
  • Chenxin Zhao,
  • Song Cheng

摘要

External field-assisted technologies—such as electric fields (EFs), magnetic fields (MFs), and microwave (MW) irradiation—offer promising strategies to overcome the inherent kinetic and thermodynamic limitations of conventional wastewater treatment processes. By modulating charge transport, radical generation, and microbial metabolism, these external fields can substantially enhance the efficiency of both advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biological treatment technologies (BTTs). This study systematically explores the underlying mechanisms, operational parameters, and application scenarios of EFs, MFs, and MWs across various treatment systems. Emphasis is placed on the integration of physicochemical and biological perspectives, highlighting how external fields restructure interfacial processes and initiate synergistic pollutant degradation pathways. Representative case studies and optimization strategies are presented to guide field-specific technology selection and energy-efficient system design. Furthermore, critical challenges—including electrode passivation, magnetic catalyst aggregation, and limited MW penetration—are examined, and future directions are proposed to support practical scalability. The insights provided establish a solid foundation for the development of next-generation, high-efficiency, and sustainable wastewater treatment systems enabled by external field enhancement.