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<p>Secondary water supply systems (SWSSs) are pivotal in urban water management. Municipal water entering SWSS storage tank undergoes hydraulic stagnation before being distributed to end users. This stagnation provides a stable microenvironment, facilitating a series of chemical reactions, particularly chlorine disinfectant decay resulting in favorable conditions for microbial proliferation. Elevated microbial loads within SWSSs directly compromise the microbiological safety of residential drinking water. In this review, we compile the findings from our studies and existing literature and systematically evaluate the latent microbial hazards in SWSSs serving both urban residential neighborhoods and self-built houses. SWSSs function as persistent reservoirs for pathogenic microbiota. We propose <i>Legionella</i> spp. as targeted supplementary microbiological indicators for routine water-quality monitoring in SWSSs. To mitigate the risks, we advocate implementing three-tiered interventions: 1) an optimized building layout and operation mode, 2) engineered secondary disinfection strategies, and 3) enhanced regulatory oversight through smart monitoring frameworks. In summary, we characterize the microbial contamination mechanisms in urban SWSSs and establish a vital scientific basis for advancing operational management and safety assurance.</p>

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Potential microbial risks and their control in residential secondary water supply systems in China: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月10日

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  • Gang Li,
  • Kai Guo,
  • Yiwei Chen,
  • Xiang Li,
  • Xin Yu,
  • Dong Hu

摘要

Secondary water supply systems (SWSSs) are pivotal in urban water management. Municipal water entering SWSS storage tank undergoes hydraulic stagnation before being distributed to end users. This stagnation provides a stable microenvironment, facilitating a series of chemical reactions, particularly chlorine disinfectant decay resulting in favorable conditions for microbial proliferation. Elevated microbial loads within SWSSs directly compromise the microbiological safety of residential drinking water. In this review, we compile the findings from our studies and existing literature and systematically evaluate the latent microbial hazards in SWSSs serving both urban residential neighborhoods and self-built houses. SWSSs function as persistent reservoirs for pathogenic microbiota. We propose Legionella spp. as targeted supplementary microbiological indicators for routine water-quality monitoring in SWSSs. To mitigate the risks, we advocate implementing three-tiered interventions: 1) an optimized building layout and operation mode, 2) engineered secondary disinfection strategies, and 3) enhanced regulatory oversight through smart monitoring frameworks. In summary, we characterize the microbial contamination mechanisms in urban SWSSs and establish a vital scientific basis for advancing operational management and safety assurance.