<p>Rockburst is a common disaster in deep underground engineering, which seriously impacts project construction safety. Understanding its causes and burst resistance mechanism is of significance for rockburst prevention and mitigation. We developed a new type of high strength, large elongation, and strong energy-absorbing material, and conducted comparative tests on both basic and anchored rock specimens with such material. We analyzed the rockburst process, energy release and peak stress of the rock, and force and deformation withstood by the energy-absorbing bolts. The experimental results show that the energy reduction rate of the rocks reinforced by energy-absorbing bolts is more than 80%, compared with that of the basic rock. The force exerted on the energy-absorbing bolts increases suddenly when the rockburst occurs, and the strength utilization rates of the energy-absorbing bolts under strain rockburst and impact rockburst conditions are 73.3% and 61.2%, respectively. Rockburst also causes non-uniform shear deformation of the anchor bolt. Based on the rockburst energy criterion, the peak stress of the anchored rock is 2.2 times and 2.5 times the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock, respectively, under strain rockburst and impact rockburst conditions. The energy required for rockburst is 396.0 and 478.4 kJ/m³, respectively. The energy-anchoring bolts can effectively reduce the likelihood of rockburst. The results can provide a reference for support design for burst-prone rock in underground engineering.</p>