<p>Investigating the intrinsic electrical properties of asphalt mixtures is essential for improving the accuracy of Ground Penetrating Radar for non-destructive testing techniques and facilitating the development of future electrified roadways. Based on effective medium theory, this study derives a generalized expression for the multi-phase dielectric models that can account for interfacial polarization effects. Here, the specific form of the field factor depends on the fundamental assumptions of each theoretical framework regarding the topological structure or boundary conditions of the physical system it describes. Different approximations of this field factor yield the classical dielectric formulas proposed by various researchers. Subsequent the multi-scale dielectric testing and analyses reveal that the dielectric constant of an asphalt mastic exhibits a distinct S-shaped rising trend over the entirely investigated concentration range of the mineral filler, with an inflection point appearing within a specific concentration interval. The EXP3P2 model effectively captures the variation of the dielectric constant with the volumetric fraction of mineral aggregates in multi-scale asphalt-based materials, including asphalt mastics, mortars, and asphalt mixtures. A notable ‘dielectric constant enhancement’ phenomenon is observed in the limestone group composites. This enhancement is attributed to the unique surface characteristics of limestone mineral aggregates and their stronger interfacial interactions with the asphalt matrix. It is recommended to employ statistical analysis methods combined with numerical simulation techniques to gain a deeper understanding and quantification of such heterogeneity. Finally, the experimental data are systematically compared with predictions from nine classical dielectric models for both two-phase and three-phase systems. A significant discrepancy is observed between the experimental results of the asphalt mastics and the predicted curves, indicating that effective medium theory may become inapplicable near the critical volume fraction. Furthermore, although certain models may be approximately equivalent for two-phase systems, their sensitivity to higher-order interactions varies significantly in more complex three-phase systems, highlighting the importance of careful model selection. These findings contribute to advancing the fundamental theory of Ground Penetrating Radar and offer insights for the design of smart materials in future electrified roadways.</p>