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<p>The Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) represents a time-domain geophysical exploration approach grounded in the principle of electromagnetic induction. This technique facilitates the effective detection of subsurface electrical structures by examining the decay behavior of the secondary electromagnetic field following the cessation of the transmitter current. Critical challenges in TEM research encompass the precision of forward modeling, computational efficiency, and the considerable resource requirements associated with inversion processes, all of which significantly influence the method’der applicability and exploration efficacy. In response to these challenges, the present study offers a comprehensive review of advancements in three-dimensional (3D) forward modeling for TEM. It systematically evaluates the strengths and limitations of various spatial discretization techniques, including the Integral Equation Method (IEM), Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Spectral Element Method (SEM). Additionally, the study assesses the suitability of time-domain computational algorithms such as frequency-to-time transformation, time-stepping iteration, and Krylov subspace approximation. Findings suggest that the vector finite-element method implemented on unstructured grids provides notable advantages for modeling complex geological formations, while implicit time-stepping schemes combined with Krylov subspace methods offer an optimal balance between computational efficiency and accuracy. Moreover, the paper identifies emerging research directions in TEM forward modeling, highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence-accelerated computations, high-performance parallel algorithms, and simulations involving anisotropic media.</p>

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Progress on Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Transient Electromagnetic Method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Wei-ying Chen,
  • Kang-xin Lei,
  • Jin-jing Shi,
  • Xin Wu,
  • Ruo Wang,
  • Jun-jie Xue,
  • Qi-long Sun,
  • Quan-hui Guo

摘要

The Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) represents a time-domain geophysical exploration approach grounded in the principle of electromagnetic induction. This technique facilitates the effective detection of subsurface electrical structures by examining the decay behavior of the secondary electromagnetic field following the cessation of the transmitter current. Critical challenges in TEM research encompass the precision of forward modeling, computational efficiency, and the considerable resource requirements associated with inversion processes, all of which significantly influence the method’der applicability and exploration efficacy. In response to these challenges, the present study offers a comprehensive review of advancements in three-dimensional (3D) forward modeling for TEM. It systematically evaluates the strengths and limitations of various spatial discretization techniques, including the Integral Equation Method (IEM), Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Spectral Element Method (SEM). Additionally, the study assesses the suitability of time-domain computational algorithms such as frequency-to-time transformation, time-stepping iteration, and Krylov subspace approximation. Findings suggest that the vector finite-element method implemented on unstructured grids provides notable advantages for modeling complex geological formations, while implicit time-stepping schemes combined with Krylov subspace methods offer an optimal balance between computational efficiency and accuracy. Moreover, the paper identifies emerging research directions in TEM forward modeling, highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence-accelerated computations, high-performance parallel algorithms, and simulations involving anisotropic media.