Purpose <p>Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is under-addressed in survivorship care despite associations with other adverse patient-reported outcomes and poor long-term cognitive health. Research on SCD and social determinants of health (SDOH) is limited among cancer survivors. This study examined associations of SCD, and its impacts, with cancer-related characteristics and SDOH among survivors.</p> Methods <p>The study analyzed cross-sectional data from survivors ages ≥ 45&#xa0;years in the nationally representative 2023/2024 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Survey-weighted modified Poisson regression modeling with robust standard errors was employed. Exposures were cancer-related characteristics (cancer type, age at diagnosis, multiple cancer diagnoses) and SDOH (employment instability, food insecurity, low social connection, financial strain, limited transportation, number of SDOH). Outcomes were SCD and four SCD-related impacts (worrying, discussing with a healthcare provider, interference with day-to-day activities, interference with work/volunteer activities). Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.</p> Results <p>Among 11,713 survivors, the weighted prevalence of SCD was 19.6%. Being diagnosed before age 40 and with multiple cancers were associated with greater prevalence of SCD in bivariate analyses, however, no cancer-related characteristics were associated with SCD measures in multivariable analyses. Each SDOH measure except employment instability was associated with SCD (aPRs = 1.37 to 2.25; all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.0039), versus no SDOH. Compared to no SDOH, number of SDOH was associated with each SCD-related impact (aPRs = 1.35 to 3.36; all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.0007) except provider discussion.</p> Conclusions <p>Findings highlight the role SDOH plays in influencing SCD among survivors.</p> Implications for Cancer Survivors <p>Greater attention to SCD may improve long-term outcomes among survivors.</p>