Purpose <p>This systematic review synthesizes current literature examining the relationship between various dietary patterns and chemotherapy toxicities among patients currently receiving chemotherapy treatment. It aims to determine the most advantageous dietary pattern for patients with various malignancies.</p> Methods <p>PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase were thoroughly searched to select quantitative studies that answered the research question and met the inclusion criteria as of July 2024.</p> Results <p>Fourteen studies were analyzed: 10 randomized control trials (RCTs), 2 quasi-experimental, 1 case series, and 1 cohort study. Analyses were stratified by dietary pattern: fasting; Mediterranean diet; ketogenic diet; plant-based, high-protein diet; and anti-inflammatory diet. The results suggest that these all have the ability to benefit patients’ experiences with chemotherapy. Fasting; a Mediterranean diet; a plant-based, high-protein diet; and an anti-inflammatory diet may reduce toxicities such as fatigue, diarrhea, insomnia, and nausea throughout chemotherapy. The ketogenic diet might offer initial advantages in improving diarrhea and physical activity; however, these results may not be sustainable.</p> Conclusions <p>There is insufficient evidence to identify a single dietary intervention as the most effective in reducing chemotherapy toxicities in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Further research is necessary to uncover the most beneficial dietary pattern to recommend as a nutritional strategy for survivors undergoing chemotherapy.</p> Implications for Cancer Survivors <p>Survivors may benefit from adopting specific dietary patterns to alleviate chemotherapy toxicities. These reductions may improve chemotherapy tolerance, minimize treatment interruptions, and enhance daily functioning.</p>