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<p>This paper presents a compact automotive head-up display (HUD) system utilizing a single freeform mirror, designed via an inverse methodology. The design achieves a large 180 × 90 mm<sup>2</sup> eye-box while projecting a virtual image at 2.2&#xa0;m with a field of view of ± 85&#xa0;mm (X) ×  ± 51&#xa0;mm (Y). The system employs a 170 × 120&#xa0;mm freeform mirror optimized via Gaussian Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) combined with conic terms, enabling precise aberration control. Ray-tracing analyses confirm spot RMS sizes below 0.1&#xa0;mm–-significantly smaller than the LCD's 0.4&#xa0;mm pixel pitch–-and distortion stable at approximately 4% across the entire eye-box. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) values exceed 0.3 at the Nyquist frequency of the display (1.25 lp/mm) across the field, and illumination uniformity exceeds 85%. An analysis of manufacturability, including local curvatures and tool accessibility, confirms feasibility with standard diamond turning. Compared to conventional multi-mirror systems, this single freeform mirror design demonstrates a 40% reduction in system volume while maintaining comparable optical performance, offering a compact and cost-effective solution for automotive applications. The presented methodology, detailed analysis, and theoretical framework enhance the academic value and reproducibility of this research.</p>

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High-performance automotive heads-up display using a single freeform mirror

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Vo Quang Sang

摘要

This paper presents a compact automotive head-up display (HUD) system utilizing a single freeform mirror, designed via an inverse methodology. The design achieves a large 180 × 90 mm2 eye-box while projecting a virtual image at 2.2 m with a field of view of ± 85 mm (X) ×  ± 51 mm (Y). The system employs a 170 × 120 mm freeform mirror optimized via Gaussian Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) combined with conic terms, enabling precise aberration control. Ray-tracing analyses confirm spot RMS sizes below 0.1 mm–-significantly smaller than the LCD's 0.4 mm pixel pitch–-and distortion stable at approximately 4% across the entire eye-box. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) values exceed 0.3 at the Nyquist frequency of the display (1.25 lp/mm) across the field, and illumination uniformity exceeds 85%. An analysis of manufacturability, including local curvatures and tool accessibility, confirms feasibility with standard diamond turning. Compared to conventional multi-mirror systems, this single freeform mirror design demonstrates a 40% reduction in system volume while maintaining comparable optical performance, offering a compact and cost-effective solution for automotive applications. The presented methodology, detailed analysis, and theoretical framework enhance the academic value and reproducibility of this research.