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<p>To strengthen contemporary image encryption techniques and make them more secure, a new image encryption algorithm was proposed using a one-dimensional improved discrete cosine fractional chaotic map (1D-IDCF). To evaluate the randomness and ergodicity of the chaotic map, its behaviour was analysed through bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponent, NIST test, key sensitivity, and key space analysis. The results demonstrate that the proposed chaotic map has high unpredictability and a large Lyapunov exponent, which defines initial sensitivity. Additionally, an encryption algorithm was developed that involves pixel-level scrambling, binary bit-plane extraction, simultaneous confusion of bit planes, binary-to-gray conversion, and bit-XOR operations with a chaotic key matrix generated using the one-dimensional improved cosine fractional chaotic map (1D-IDCF). Experimental results based on various performance metrics, including information entropy, correlation coefficient, chi-square (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11760_2025_3814_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi ^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) test, histogram variance, Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI), demonstrate that the proposed encryption scheme provides a significant level of unpredictability. Additionally, the proposed algorithm exhibits robustness against various attacks, including noise, data loss, and differential attacks. Furthermore, the low Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) (8.3615 dB) indicates good encryption capability and robustness against cryptographic attacks.</p>

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Enhancing image security through a fusion of chaotic map and multi-level scrambling techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月23日

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  • Maram Kumar,
  • Deepak. Ch

摘要

To strengthen contemporary image encryption techniques and make them more secure, a new image encryption algorithm was proposed using a one-dimensional improved discrete cosine fractional chaotic map (1D-IDCF). To evaluate the randomness and ergodicity of the chaotic map, its behaviour was analysed through bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponent, NIST test, key sensitivity, and key space analysis. The results demonstrate that the proposed chaotic map has high unpredictability and a large Lyapunov exponent, which defines initial sensitivity. Additionally, an encryption algorithm was developed that involves pixel-level scrambling, binary bit-plane extraction, simultaneous confusion of bit planes, binary-to-gray conversion, and bit-XOR operations with a chaotic key matrix generated using the one-dimensional improved cosine fractional chaotic map (1D-IDCF). Experimental results based on various performance metrics, including information entropy, correlation coefficient, chi-square ( \(\chi ^2\) χ 2 ) test, histogram variance, Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI), demonstrate that the proposed encryption scheme provides a significant level of unpredictability. Additionally, the proposed algorithm exhibits robustness against various attacks, including noise, data loss, and differential attacks. Furthermore, the low Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) (8.3615 dB) indicates good encryption capability and robustness against cryptographic attacks.