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<p>In the modern era of information technology, the volume of multimedia data is increasing drastically. The copyright protection of this online content has been considerably challenged as various intruders modified these data by applying malicious attacks to forge it. Watermarking schemes can provide anti-interference capability and protect the copyright of digital multimedia content by storing, transmitting, and processing data. Essential attributes of image watermarking includes imperceptibility, robustness, and security. In this proposed work, Integer wavlet transform (IWT) is applied to the cover image, and the LL sub-band is subjected to Schur decomposition (SD) to get upper triangular and unitary matrices. The diagonal coefficients of the previously obtained upper triangular matrix are modified to embed the watermark. This paper also presents an analysis of the proposed scheme for False positive problem (FPP) detection. In this technique, the trade-off between robustness and imperceptibility is adjusted by optimizing the embedding gain factor through the application of Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO). The comparison of the performance of the suggested scheme against different attacks is made for both the optimization strategies. The suggested method offers nearly 40&#xa0;dB PSNR and more than 0.9900 NCC values in most of the instances that ensures the watermark is correctly recovered and undetected. The average percentage improvement in NCC is 11.39% and in PSNR is 24.01% for MRFO.</p>

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RFPPFMark: robust and false positive problem free image watermarking scheme with its performance comparison by PSO and MRFO in Schur domain

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月17日

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  • Anurag Tiwari,
  • Divyanshu Awasthi,
  • Vinay Kumar Srivastava

摘要

In the modern era of information technology, the volume of multimedia data is increasing drastically. The copyright protection of this online content has been considerably challenged as various intruders modified these data by applying malicious attacks to forge it. Watermarking schemes can provide anti-interference capability and protect the copyright of digital multimedia content by storing, transmitting, and processing data. Essential attributes of image watermarking includes imperceptibility, robustness, and security. In this proposed work, Integer wavlet transform (IWT) is applied to the cover image, and the LL sub-band is subjected to Schur decomposition (SD) to get upper triangular and unitary matrices. The diagonal coefficients of the previously obtained upper triangular matrix are modified to embed the watermark. This paper also presents an analysis of the proposed scheme for False positive problem (FPP) detection. In this technique, the trade-off between robustness and imperceptibility is adjusted by optimizing the embedding gain factor through the application of Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO). The comparison of the performance of the suggested scheme against different attacks is made for both the optimization strategies. The suggested method offers nearly 40 dB PSNR and more than 0.9900 NCC values in most of the instances that ensures the watermark is correctly recovered and undetected. The average percentage improvement in NCC is 11.39% and in PSNR is 24.01% for MRFO.