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<p>Due to limited water availability, wastewater irrigation (WWI) is increasingly relevant in agriculture. However, WWI contains excessive salts, heavy metals, and nutrient imbalances that suppress plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, the effect of wastewater irrigation (WWI) at 75% (a 3:1 mixture of wastewater and clean water) and 100% (undiluted wastewater) concentrations on nutrient dynamics in linseed (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) was examined, along with the mitigation potential of inoculation with <i>Acinetobacter schindleri</i> SR-5–1. WWI significantly reduced potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) uptake through osmotic stress, ionic competition, and heavy-metal interference with root membrane transporters. Salt accumulation disrupted electrochemical gradients, hindering K + influx, while heavy metals displaced Fe and Zn transport systems, leading to micronutrient deficiencies. Mg uptake was obstructed, impairing chlorophyll biosynthesis. Biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress biomarkers (hydrogen peroxide [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>], superoxide radical [O<sub>2</sub>•‾], hydroxyl radical [•OH], malondialdehyde [MDA], lipoxygenase [LOX] lipid peroxidation marker, and electrolyte leakage [EL] membrane stability indicator) increased under WWI stress, corresponding with reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX). Inoculation with <i>A. schindleri</i> SR-5–1 alleviated oxidative injury by activating enzymatic antioxidant responses and restoring chlorophyll levels. The inoculant improved nutrient acquisition by enhancing membrane permeability, producing phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid), secreting siderophores (Fe and Zn chelating agents), and exuding organic acids to solubilize nutrients. This research provides the first field evidence that hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and nitric oxide (NO) act as central signaling mediators in PGPR-mediated alleviation of WWI-induced nutrient imbalances. These findings highlight <i>A. schindleri</i> SR-5–1 as a promising bioinoculant to enhance nutrient uptake and stress tolerance in crops irrigated with low-quality water, offering a sustainable strategy to maximize agricultural productivity.</p>

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Breakthrough advances in plant stress physiology: Acinetobacter schindleri SR-5–1 mitigates wastewater-induced nutrient imbalances in linseed plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Sherjeel Hashmat,
  • Umer Farooq,
  • Muhammad Tariq Javed,
  • Anni Maryam Afzal,
  • Mohsin Raza Bukhari

摘要

Due to limited water availability, wastewater irrigation (WWI) is increasingly relevant in agriculture. However, WWI contains excessive salts, heavy metals, and nutrient imbalances that suppress plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, the effect of wastewater irrigation (WWI) at 75% (a 3:1 mixture of wastewater and clean water) and 100% (undiluted wastewater) concentrations on nutrient dynamics in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) was examined, along with the mitigation potential of inoculation with Acinetobacter schindleri SR-5–1. WWI significantly reduced potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) uptake through osmotic stress, ionic competition, and heavy-metal interference with root membrane transporters. Salt accumulation disrupted electrochemical gradients, hindering K + influx, while heavy metals displaced Fe and Zn transport systems, leading to micronutrient deficiencies. Mg uptake was obstructed, impairing chlorophyll biosynthesis. Biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress biomarkers (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], superoxide radical [O2•‾], hydroxyl radical [•OH], malondialdehyde [MDA], lipoxygenase [LOX] lipid peroxidation marker, and electrolyte leakage [EL] membrane stability indicator) increased under WWI stress, corresponding with reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX). Inoculation with A. schindleri SR-5–1 alleviated oxidative injury by activating enzymatic antioxidant responses and restoring chlorophyll levels. The inoculant improved nutrient acquisition by enhancing membrane permeability, producing phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid), secreting siderophores (Fe and Zn chelating agents), and exuding organic acids to solubilize nutrients. This research provides the first field evidence that hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and nitric oxide (NO) act as central signaling mediators in PGPR-mediated alleviation of WWI-induced nutrient imbalances. These findings highlight A. schindleri SR-5–1 as a promising bioinoculant to enhance nutrient uptake and stress tolerance in crops irrigated with low-quality water, offering a sustainable strategy to maximize agricultural productivity.