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<p>Light regime and air temperature are major environmental determinants of garlic growth, bulb development, and quality. This study investigated how different light durations (9/15&#xa0;h, 12/12&#xa0;h, 15/9&#xa0;h&#xa0;day/night) and air temperatures (22/15&#xa0;°C and 27/20&#xa0;°C) regulate morphological traits, phytohormone dynamics, phenolic acid accumulation, and the expression of related biosynthetic genes at 60, 90, and 120&#xa0;days after planting (DAP). Longer photoperiod combined with higher temperature (15&#xa0;h, 27&#xa0;°C) markedly enhanced plant growth and bulb morphology, indicating favorable conditions for biomass accumulation and bulb enlargement. However, phytohormones and phenolic acids showed stage- and treatment-specific responses rather than a uniform trend. Auxin, jasmonate, and salicylate preferentially accumulated under moderate temperature with longer light exposure, whereas abscisic acid, zeatin, and several phenolic acids were promoted under intermediate photoperiod and higher temperature. Gene expression patterns of key phytohormone and phenolic acid biosynthetic genes reflected these differential responses, suggesting coordinated but temporally regulated metabolic adjustments. Notably, mismatches between transcript abundance and metabolite levels indicate post-transcriptional and developmental regulation of these pathways. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that light and temperature interact with developmental stage to modulate hormonal balance, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and bulb formation in garlic. These insights provide a physiological and molecular basis for optimizing environmental conditions to improve garlic bulb yield and quality.</p>

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Light and temperature differentially influence morphology, phytohormone profiles, and phenolic acid biosynthesis in Allium sativum across developmental stages

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Muhammad Jawaad Atif,
  • Bakht Amin,
  • Muhammad Imran Ghani,
  • Muhammad Ali,
  • Zhihui Cheng

摘要

Light regime and air temperature are major environmental determinants of garlic growth, bulb development, and quality. This study investigated how different light durations (9/15 h, 12/12 h, 15/9 h day/night) and air temperatures (22/15 °C and 27/20 °C) regulate morphological traits, phytohormone dynamics, phenolic acid accumulation, and the expression of related biosynthetic genes at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting (DAP). Longer photoperiod combined with higher temperature (15 h, 27 °C) markedly enhanced plant growth and bulb morphology, indicating favorable conditions for biomass accumulation and bulb enlargement. However, phytohormones and phenolic acids showed stage- and treatment-specific responses rather than a uniform trend. Auxin, jasmonate, and salicylate preferentially accumulated under moderate temperature with longer light exposure, whereas abscisic acid, zeatin, and several phenolic acids were promoted under intermediate photoperiod and higher temperature. Gene expression patterns of key phytohormone and phenolic acid biosynthetic genes reflected these differential responses, suggesting coordinated but temporally regulated metabolic adjustments. Notably, mismatches between transcript abundance and metabolite levels indicate post-transcriptional and developmental regulation of these pathways. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that light and temperature interact with developmental stage to modulate hormonal balance, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and bulb formation in garlic. These insights provide a physiological and molecular basis for optimizing environmental conditions to improve garlic bulb yield and quality.