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<p>The composition of the gut microbiota of the whooper swan (<i>Cygnus cygnu</i>s Linnaeus, 1758) is closely related to the host's health and environmental adaptation. Research on the gut microbiota of whooper swans mainly focuses on wild populations, while systematic comparisons between wild and captive individuals are still lacking. This study used 16S&#xa0;ribosomal&#xa0;RNA (rRNA) gene high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to compare the gut microbiota structure and function of wild and captive whooper swans in Binzhou Beike Ti Island and Wetland National Nature Reserve. At the phylum level, the core composition was highly consistent, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes as common dominant phyla, but relative abundance differed significantly. Alpha diversity showed no statistical difference; however, the captive group exhibited a balanced coexistence of multiple genera, while the wild group showed an oligopolistic microbiota structure. Beta-diversity analysis (principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), principal component analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)) confirmed significant separation between groups, with highly clustered samples in the captive group and discrete distribution in the wild group. Functional predictive analysis revealed key metabolic differences: the wild group was enriched in pathways such as porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, associated with natural foraging; the captive group expressed higher levels of biosynthesis of amino acids and cell motility pathways, likely reflecting the effects of the captive environment and high-carbohydrate feed. This study reveals through multi-dimensional analysis the shaping effect of living environment on gut microbiota structure in whooper swans, providing a microbiological basis for nutritional regulation of captive individuals and protection of wild populations.</p>

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Comparative analysis of the structure and function of gut microbiota in wild versus captive whooper swans using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月29日

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  • Yan Shao,
  • Yunpeng Liu,
  • Haiting Ding,
  • Lei Li,
  • Yufeng Zhao,
  • Yanmei Wang,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Shuai Shang

摘要

The composition of the gut microbiota of the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus Linnaeus, 1758) is closely related to the host's health and environmental adaptation. Research on the gut microbiota of whooper swans mainly focuses on wild populations, while systematic comparisons between wild and captive individuals are still lacking. This study used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to compare the gut microbiota structure and function of wild and captive whooper swans in Binzhou Beike Ti Island and Wetland National Nature Reserve. At the phylum level, the core composition was highly consistent, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes as common dominant phyla, but relative abundance differed significantly. Alpha diversity showed no statistical difference; however, the captive group exhibited a balanced coexistence of multiple genera, while the wild group showed an oligopolistic microbiota structure. Beta-diversity analysis (principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), principal component analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)) confirmed significant separation between groups, with highly clustered samples in the captive group and discrete distribution in the wild group. Functional predictive analysis revealed key metabolic differences: the wild group was enriched in pathways such as porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, associated with natural foraging; the captive group expressed higher levels of biosynthesis of amino acids and cell motility pathways, likely reflecting the effects of the captive environment and high-carbohydrate feed. This study reveals through multi-dimensional analysis the shaping effect of living environment on gut microbiota structure in whooper swans, providing a microbiological basis for nutritional regulation of captive individuals and protection of wild populations.