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<p>The Loess Plateau, a critical agricultural region and major oil-producing area in north-western China, faces significant ecological risks from crude oil contamination. This study systematically analyzed soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structures, and degradation capacities across three pollution gradients: light (LP, total petroleum hydrocarbons [TPH]: 1.81–1.89&#xa0;g/kg), moderate (MP, TPH: 22.58–27.71&#xa0;g/kg), and heavy (HP, TPH: 48.93–52.71&#xa0;g/kg) in 30 soil samples. High-throughput sequencing, redundancy analysis (RDA), and biodegradation experiments were employed to elucidate microbial responses and environmental drivers. Results showed higher concentrations of oil pollution resulted in greater inhibition of soil nutrients (e.g., total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus), increased soil total organic carbon (TOC) content and pH values (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). While the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes decreased with pollution severity, hydrocarbon-degrading taxa were selectively enriched (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). By adjusting soil moisture to 25%, the HP group exhibited 81.80% and 212.79% higher degradation rates of total saturated/aromatic hydrocarbons than the LP group (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi dominated bacterial phyla, while Ascomycota was the prevalent fungal phylum across all gradients. At the genus level, dominant microbes in oil-contaminated soils were functionally linked to crude oil degradation, with <i>Marinobacter</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Idiomarina</i> (bacteria), and <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Staphylotrichum</i>, <i>Mortierella</i> (fungi) significantly enriched in HP soils (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). RDA indicated that the 16 US EPA PAHs drove microbial community shifts in HP soils. Co-occurrence networks showed enhanced positive microbial interactions under higher pollution, reflecting cooperative stress adaptation. This study clarifies the complex interplay between crude oil pollution levels and soil microbial communities in the Loess Plateau, offering insights for improving bioremediation strategies in oil-contaminated soils.</p>

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Impact of crude oil pollution gradients on soil microbial communities in the Loess Plateau, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Mingbo Jing,
  • Jincheng Wang,
  • Sijing Chang,
  • Chunyan Duan,
  • Xi Song,
  • Xuexue Qin,
  • Shengli Shi

摘要

The Loess Plateau, a critical agricultural region and major oil-producing area in north-western China, faces significant ecological risks from crude oil contamination. This study systematically analyzed soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structures, and degradation capacities across three pollution gradients: light (LP, total petroleum hydrocarbons [TPH]: 1.81–1.89 g/kg), moderate (MP, TPH: 22.58–27.71 g/kg), and heavy (HP, TPH: 48.93–52.71 g/kg) in 30 soil samples. High-throughput sequencing, redundancy analysis (RDA), and biodegradation experiments were employed to elucidate microbial responses and environmental drivers. Results showed higher concentrations of oil pollution resulted in greater inhibition of soil nutrients (e.g., total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus), increased soil total organic carbon (TOC) content and pH values (P < 0.05). While the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes decreased with pollution severity, hydrocarbon-degrading taxa were selectively enriched (P < 0.05). By adjusting soil moisture to 25%, the HP group exhibited 81.80% and 212.79% higher degradation rates of total saturated/aromatic hydrocarbons than the LP group (P < 0.05). Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi dominated bacterial phyla, while Ascomycota was the prevalent fungal phylum across all gradients. At the genus level, dominant microbes in oil-contaminated soils were functionally linked to crude oil degradation, with Marinobacter, Pseudomonas, Idiomarina (bacteria), and Cladosporium, Staphylotrichum, Mortierella (fungi) significantly enriched in HP soils (P < 0.05). RDA indicated that the 16 US EPA PAHs drove microbial community shifts in HP soils. Co-occurrence networks showed enhanced positive microbial interactions under higher pollution, reflecting cooperative stress adaptation. This study clarifies the complex interplay between crude oil pollution levels and soil microbial communities in the Loess Plateau, offering insights for improving bioremediation strategies in oil-contaminated soils.