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<p>The bacteria in <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex (MAC) are responsible for different diseases in humans, livestock, and birds. These resilient pathogens are difficult to control and have been a global cause for concern. This bioinformatic analysis, using 90 complete MAC genomes, explored pathogenicity islands (PAIs), resistance islands (RIs), metabolic islands (MIs), virulome, antibiotic resistance genes, and anti-phage defense systems. The MAC genomes exhibited variation amongst themselves. PAIs and RIs play a crucial role in host and environmental adaptation. Key genes in PAIs were non-ribosomal peptide synthetase DhbF, RNA polymerase sigma factor, transposase ORF B, putative transposases, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and glycosyl transferase CpsE. In RIs, significant genes were enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH), lactoylglutathione lyase, cytochrome P450, ABC-type transport system, macrolide export ATP-binding/permease, drug resistance transporter, and transcriptional regulators. PAIs and RIs were linked to infection, disease establishment, host–pathogen interactions, and the conferring of resistance. Notable genes housed by MIs, including Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases, and polyketide synthase modules, assist MAC survival. MAC housed a wide array of virulent proteins that facilitated its pathogenic lifestyle. Noteworthy were acyl COA dehydrogenase, PPE family protein, putative cytochrome P450 hydroxylase, and AcrR family transcriptional regulator. Dominant antibiotic-resistant gene families included RbpA, a bacterial RNA polymerase-binding protein; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; and antibiotic-resistant murA transferase. PD-T4-6 and cyclase were the most prevalent anti-phage defense systems. The information on this arsenal of genes will aid in understanding the interaction between MAC and their hosts, and enable the development of appropriate preventive strategies.</p>

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The genomes of Mycobacterium avium complex showcase the arsenal shaping its pathogenesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月9日

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  • Anindita Banerjee,
  • Saubashya Sur

摘要

The bacteria in Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are responsible for different diseases in humans, livestock, and birds. These resilient pathogens are difficult to control and have been a global cause for concern. This bioinformatic analysis, using 90 complete MAC genomes, explored pathogenicity islands (PAIs), resistance islands (RIs), metabolic islands (MIs), virulome, antibiotic resistance genes, and anti-phage defense systems. The MAC genomes exhibited variation amongst themselves. PAIs and RIs play a crucial role in host and environmental adaptation. Key genes in PAIs were non-ribosomal peptide synthetase DhbF, RNA polymerase sigma factor, transposase ORF B, putative transposases, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and glycosyl transferase CpsE. In RIs, significant genes were enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH), lactoylglutathione lyase, cytochrome P450, ABC-type transport system, macrolide export ATP-binding/permease, drug resistance transporter, and transcriptional regulators. PAIs and RIs were linked to infection, disease establishment, host–pathogen interactions, and the conferring of resistance. Notable genes housed by MIs, including Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases, and polyketide synthase modules, assist MAC survival. MAC housed a wide array of virulent proteins that facilitated its pathogenic lifestyle. Noteworthy were acyl COA dehydrogenase, PPE family protein, putative cytochrome P450 hydroxylase, and AcrR family transcriptional regulator. Dominant antibiotic-resistant gene families included RbpA, a bacterial RNA polymerase-binding protein; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; and antibiotic-resistant murA transferase. PD-T4-6 and cyclase were the most prevalent anti-phage defense systems. The information on this arsenal of genes will aid in understanding the interaction between MAC and their hosts, and enable the development of appropriate preventive strategies.