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<p>Marine biofilms composed of microbial communities embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) exert a significant impact on marine ecosystems and industrial sectors, due to their role in biofouling. EPS comprises a variety of macromolecules including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). This review investigates the structural, and functional dynamics of EPS, highlighting its role in enhancing biofilm’s microbial resilience, structural integrity, and resistance to environmental stresses. This review particularly emphasis on the genetic, and biochemical pathways that regulates the synthesis of EPS such as the cyclic-di-GMP signaling, synthase-dependent, Wzx/Wzy pathway, ABC transporter, and quorum-sensing pathways. Genes including <i>wzx, wzy, pgaA-D, algU</i>, and quorum-sensing regulators (<i>luxI, luxR, lasI, rhlI</i>) work together for EPS production, biofilm maturation, and dispersal. The review also focuses on approaches for biofilm inhibition including quorum-sensing inhibitors that obstruct microbial communication, genetic interference with essential biosynthetic pathways, and enzymatic degradation of EPS components. Understanding EPS dynamics is crucial for developing antifouling technologies. This review emphasizes the need to address marine biofouling sustainably, recommending that future studies focus on creating precise inhibitors.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A Review – Extracellular polymeric substance in marine biofilm: synthesis, regulation and inhibition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月4日

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  • Swetha Selvam,
  • Inbakandan Dhinakarasamy,
  • Ramesh Kumar V,
  • Anu Chandrasekar,
  • Manikandan Sivakumar,
  • Clarita Clements,
  • Naren Kumar Thirumurugan

摘要

Marine biofilms composed of microbial communities embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) exert a significant impact on marine ecosystems and industrial sectors, due to their role in biofouling. EPS comprises a variety of macromolecules including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). This review investigates the structural, and functional dynamics of EPS, highlighting its role in enhancing biofilm’s microbial resilience, structural integrity, and resistance to environmental stresses. This review particularly emphasis on the genetic, and biochemical pathways that regulates the synthesis of EPS such as the cyclic-di-GMP signaling, synthase-dependent, Wzx/Wzy pathway, ABC transporter, and quorum-sensing pathways. Genes including wzx, wzy, pgaA-D, algU, and quorum-sensing regulators (luxI, luxR, lasI, rhlI) work together for EPS production, biofilm maturation, and dispersal. The review also focuses on approaches for biofilm inhibition including quorum-sensing inhibitors that obstruct microbial communication, genetic interference with essential biosynthetic pathways, and enzymatic degradation of EPS components. Understanding EPS dynamics is crucial for developing antifouling technologies. This review emphasizes the need to address marine biofouling sustainably, recommending that future studies focus on creating precise inhibitors.

Graphical Abstract