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<p>This study investigated the effect of ultrasonic waves on secondary metabolites in <i>Ganoderma adspersum</i>, including intracellular and extracellular extracts, primordia, and wild mushrooms. Ultrasonication significantly increased ganoderic acid, betulinic acid, terpenes, triterpenoids, and ergosterol in intracellular extracts (1.3, 1.28, 2.77, 1.19, and 2.83 times, respectively) and extracellular extracts (17.56, 2.81, 3.04, 2.04, and 1.05 times, respectively). Similar increases were observed in primordia (2.38, 3.25, 2.50, 1.22, and 1.52 times) and wild mushrooms (1.65, 1.64, 2.62, 1.52, and 2.12 times). Antioxidant activity (FRAP assay) also improved, with extracellular, intracellular, primordia, and wild mushroom extracts showing 2.60, 2.23, 1.12, and 1.07 times higher activity, respectively. Polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene, phenols, and flavonoids increased in intracellular extracts (2.25, 2.04, 1.17, 1.17, 2.70, 2.17, and 1.82 times) and extracellular extracts (2.64, 2.88, 1.52, 1.52, 2.26, 2.64, and 2.11 times). Primordia and wild mushroom extracts also showed significant increases in these compounds (1.27–2.44 times and 1.09–2.35 times, respectively). Intracellular extracts were richest in terpenes, triterpenes, ganoderic acid, and betulinic acid, while extracellular extracts contained the highest levels of polysaccharides, astaxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene, phenols, and flavonoids. Wild mushrooms had the highest ergosterol and ascorbic acid content. Cultured <i>G. adspersum</i> (in vitro) demonstrated superior secondary metabolite production compared to wild samples (in vivo), highlighting its potential for biotechnological applications.</p>

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Enhanced secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties in Ganoderma adspersum cultures: a comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo systems under ultrasonic stimulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Mansooreh Aghasizade Shaarbaf,
  • Vahide Payamnoor,
  • Mohammadreza Kavosi,
  • Javad Asili

摘要

This study investigated the effect of ultrasonic waves on secondary metabolites in Ganoderma adspersum, including intracellular and extracellular extracts, primordia, and wild mushrooms. Ultrasonication significantly increased ganoderic acid, betulinic acid, terpenes, triterpenoids, and ergosterol in intracellular extracts (1.3, 1.28, 2.77, 1.19, and 2.83 times, respectively) and extracellular extracts (17.56, 2.81, 3.04, 2.04, and 1.05 times, respectively). Similar increases were observed in primordia (2.38, 3.25, 2.50, 1.22, and 1.52 times) and wild mushrooms (1.65, 1.64, 2.62, 1.52, and 2.12 times). Antioxidant activity (FRAP assay) also improved, with extracellular, intracellular, primordia, and wild mushroom extracts showing 2.60, 2.23, 1.12, and 1.07 times higher activity, respectively. Polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene, phenols, and flavonoids increased in intracellular extracts (2.25, 2.04, 1.17, 1.17, 2.70, 2.17, and 1.82 times) and extracellular extracts (2.64, 2.88, 1.52, 1.52, 2.26, 2.64, and 2.11 times). Primordia and wild mushroom extracts also showed significant increases in these compounds (1.27–2.44 times and 1.09–2.35 times, respectively). Intracellular extracts were richest in terpenes, triterpenes, ganoderic acid, and betulinic acid, while extracellular extracts contained the highest levels of polysaccharides, astaxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene, phenols, and flavonoids. Wild mushrooms had the highest ergosterol and ascorbic acid content. Cultured G. adspersum (in vitro) demonstrated superior secondary metabolite production compared to wild samples (in vivo), highlighting its potential for biotechnological applications.