Understanding the habitat utilization of Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus Grubb, 1982 for conservation planning in the Kazinag National Park and adjacent landscape, northwestern Himalaya

Insights into the habitat use and spatial distribution of wild ungulates is crucial for effective conservation planning. The Kashmir musk deer, Moschus cupreus Grubb, 1982, categorised as endangered by the IUCN, remains one of the India’s least studied mammals within its distributional range. This study, conducted from June 2021 to May 2023 in the Kazinag National Park, aimed to unravel the habitat use of the species for conservation planning in the region. Based on the reconnaissance surveys and information gathered from locals, forest officials, and field guides, trails/transects (n = 12) spanning 2000 to 3500 m a.s.l. were surveyed, encompassing various habitat types. Generalized Linear Model analysis revealed significant influence of livestock and distance to the nearest water source on musk deer signs. A total of 74 sightings (direct and indirect) were recorded. Habitat use was quantified using Ivelv’s electivity index (IEI). The Kashmir musk deer exhibited the highest preference for mixed coniferous forests (IEI = 0.27), while rocky cliffs were the least favoured (IEI = -0.6). Southwestern aspects and a crown cover of 25–50% were highly preferred. Most sightings (58.10%) occurred at distances greater than 1200 m from livestock. These findings offer valuable insights for conservation strategies within the national park and surrounding areas, aiming to ensure the long-term survival of the Kashmir musk deer and other wildlife.