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<p>This essay explores how L<span>iu</span> Zhi 劉智, a Qing 清 dynasty Chinese Muslim thinker who used the language of Neo-Confucianism to write Islamic philosophy, navigated the fundamental incommensurability between the ontological frameworks of these two traditions. After a brief comparative account of the role of key terms like existence (wujūd) and substance (<i>shi</i> 實) in Islamic and Confucian thought, this essay goes on to analyze modality and the function of principle (<i>li</i> 理) in L<span>iu</span> Zhi’s work, particularly his Chinese translation of the Sūfī text <i>Lawāʾiḥ</i> by Jāmī, to argue that his thinking has inherited certain key formulations from the Neo-Confucian tradition. As a result, he resists the essence-existence distinction in favour of positing the metaphysical as a set of moral and physical laws governing interactions in complex states of affairs.</p>

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Existence, Substance, and Liu Zhi’s Islamic-Confucian Synthesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Stephen Nashef

摘要

This essay explores how Liu Zhi 劉智, a Qing 清 dynasty Chinese Muslim thinker who used the language of Neo-Confucianism to write Islamic philosophy, navigated the fundamental incommensurability between the ontological frameworks of these two traditions. After a brief comparative account of the role of key terms like existence (wujūd) and substance (shi 實) in Islamic and Confucian thought, this essay goes on to analyze modality and the function of principle (li 理) in Liu Zhi’s work, particularly his Chinese translation of the Sūfī text Lawāʾiḥ by Jāmī, to argue that his thinking has inherited certain key formulations from the Neo-Confucian tradition. As a result, he resists the essence-existence distinction in favour of positing the metaphysical as a set of moral and physical laws governing interactions in complex states of affairs.