<p>The self-centring brace is recognized as one of the practical solutions for mitigating catastrophic consequences caused by earthquakes and improving structural resilience. Compared to the current methods where self-centring capacity is typically provided by pre-stressed steel rods or disc springs, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) material of higher tensile strength and deformation capacity is emerging as a preferred alternative to traditional materials. Based on that, this study mainly aims to propose a novel self-centring buckling-restrained brace (SC-BRB) by using pre-stressed CFRP rods as self-centring components, named the CFRP-SC-BRB. First, component-level analysis was conducted by experimental and numerical methods, to verify the feasibility of the designed configuration. Cyclic and ultra-low-cycle fatigue tests on the specimen demonstrated the excellent performance of the CFRP-SC-BRB, with the peak force of the brace at the drift ratio of 1/120 over 2900 kN and a residual drift ratio controlled below 0.5%. Finite element models in refined and simplified methods were validated by the experimental results and theoretical prediction. Then, a series of system-level analyses are carried out on a prototype frame incorporating the proposed CFRP-SC-BRBs. Compared to the original design with conventional BRBs, seismic responses of the frame fully or partially replaced by the SC-BRBs show a competitive advantage in seismic performance. Especially for the SC-BRB frame with full replacement, the median residual inter-storey drift ratios are reduced by 29.3% and 50.5% under design basis and maximum considered earthquakes, respectively, compared to the conventional BRB frame. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the proposed CFRP-SC-BRB is effective in improving seismic resilience both at component and system levels. Practical suggestions are also provided to address potential challenges in promoting the novel product in actual application.</p>