<p>Nerve damage, including conditions such as traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, and other neurological disorders, constitutes a major clinical challenge affecting millions of people globally. Recently, magnesium-containing materials have attracted growing interest in brain research due to their notable biocompatibility, favorable degradation profile, and neuroprotective capabilities. This article provides a comprehensive overview of developments in magnesium-based materials, with a specific focus on their application in brain and neural repair. Leveraging bibliometric analysis and a comprehensive literature review, the therapeutic potential of magnesium-based compounds in neurological disorders is evaluated. These neurological conditions encompass epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression. Notably, magnesium-based materials show distinct advantages in enhancing cognitive function and promoting neural regeneration, indicating their strong therapeutic potential. Furthermore, this review also examines key research areas and contemporary trends in brain and neural repair, assesses the current landscape, highlights persistent challenges, and identifies emerging research directions. This synthesis provides a foundation for understanding how magnesium-based materials can inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.</p>