Market analysis and trends for products deriving from the biochemical and thermal treatment of multi-dispersed agricultural residues

Rapid population growth, economic development, resource constraints and various geopolitical problems, as well as intensifying environmental issues are leading to a worsening energy crisis. Oil, natural gas and coal are still the main sources of primary energy. Biofuels, such as biochar, bio-oil, biogas, and hydrogen, are one of the most significant renewable and sustainable energy sources. Their use can reduce net greenhouse gas emissions as well as dependence on imported fossil fuels, in response to the above, while the production and exploitation of biomass mainly from agricultural residues can also create jobs in rural and depopulated areas. In this study, a market analysis for biochar, bio-oil, biogas, and hydrogen was conducted worldwide intending to provide detailed information for the economic viability of sustainable agricultural systems and to specify the prospects for an economically viable introduction of each of the bio-products into the energy market. The results revealed that indeed these biofuels are one of the most significant and energy sources offering sustainability by reducing gas emissions into the atmosphere but also by managing residual biomass, thus contributing to waste management. A rapid acceleration is expected in the next years followed by price reduction.