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<p>Serverless computing usually employs secure containers, which are encapsulated within lightweight microVMs, to isolate function invocations across different tenants. For high security guarantees, such Single-Container-Per-VM (SCPV) model results in large memory waste, as each microVM includes a guestOS, even though they are identical. For memory efficiency of the secure container architecture, we advocate for the dynamic Multi-Containers-Per-VM (MCPV) model. Adopting the MCPV model, a microVM can accommodate multiple containers for the same functions, and the microVM’s memory space adjusts dynamically based on workload.</p><p>However, implementing this model necessitates efficient memory hot-plug and hot-unplug techniques. Existing methods either significantly impair function performance within containers or fail to adequately unplug all required pages. To address this challenge, we propose <b>CZone</b>, a dedicated memory hot-plug and hot-unplug design specifically tailored to support the dynamic MCPV model. CZone ensures that the used memory pages of a container are located in contiguous physical memory regions, with each region exclusively allocated to a single container. Experimental results demonstrate that MCPV with CZone brings an 81.81% reduction in startup latency and an 89.87% reduction in memory footprint when compared to the existing SCPV model that utilizes microVM templating, with negligible system performance impact.</p>

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CZone: memory-efficient serverless container management with MCPV model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Chenyang Wu,
  • Zijun Li,
  • Chuhao Xu,
  • Quan Chen,
  • Minyi Guo

摘要

Serverless computing usually employs secure containers, which are encapsulated within lightweight microVMs, to isolate function invocations across different tenants. For high security guarantees, such Single-Container-Per-VM (SCPV) model results in large memory waste, as each microVM includes a guestOS, even though they are identical. For memory efficiency of the secure container architecture, we advocate for the dynamic Multi-Containers-Per-VM (MCPV) model. Adopting the MCPV model, a microVM can accommodate multiple containers for the same functions, and the microVM’s memory space adjusts dynamically based on workload.

However, implementing this model necessitates efficient memory hot-plug and hot-unplug techniques. Existing methods either significantly impair function performance within containers or fail to adequately unplug all required pages. To address this challenge, we propose CZone, a dedicated memory hot-plug and hot-unplug design specifically tailored to support the dynamic MCPV model. CZone ensures that the used memory pages of a container are located in contiguous physical memory regions, with each region exclusively allocated to a single container. Experimental results demonstrate that MCPV with CZone brings an 81.81% reduction in startup latency and an 89.87% reduction in memory footprint when compared to the existing SCPV model that utilizes microVM templating, with negligible system performance impact.